mirror of
https://github.com/symbl-cc/symbl-data.git
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SYMBL.CC update
This commit is contained in:
Sergei Asanov
@ -1,265 +1,265 @@
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arab: Arabic alphabet
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||||
arab: Arabic Alphabet
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||||
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armenian: Armenian alphabet
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armenian: Armenian Alphabet
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||||
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||||
avestan: Avestan alphabet
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avestan: Avestan Alphabet
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||||
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balinese: Balinese alphabet
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balinese: Balinese Alphabet
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||||
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||||
bamum: Bamum alphabet
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bamum: Bamum Alphabet
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||||
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||||
bashkir: Bashkir alphabet
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||||
bashkir: Bashkir Alphabet
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||||
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bassa-vah: Bassa-vah alphabet
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||||
bassa-vah: Bassa-vah Alphabet
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||||
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batak: Batak alphabet
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||||
batak: Batak Alphabet
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||||
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||||
belarusian: Belarusian alphabet
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||||
belarusian: Belarusian Alphabet
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||||
|
||||
bengali: Bengali alphabet
|
||||
bengali: Bengali Alphabet
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||||
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bopomofo: Bopomofo alphabet. Zhuyin
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bopomofo: Bopomofo Alphabet. Zhuyin
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brahmi: Brahmi alphabet
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||||
brahmi: Brahmi Alphabet
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||||
|
||||
buginese: Buginese alphabet
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||||
buginese: Buginese Alphabet
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||||
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||||
buhid: Buhid alphabet
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||||
buhid: Buhid Alphabet
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||||
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||||
bulgarian: Bulgarian alphabet
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||||
bulgarian: Bulgarian Alphabet
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||||
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||||
carian: Carian alphabet
|
||||
carian: Carian Alphabet
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||||
|
||||
caucasian-albanian: Caucasian albanian alphabet
|
||||
caucasian-albanian: Caucasian albanian Alphabet
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||||
|
||||
chakma: Chakma alphabet
|
||||
chakma: Chakma Alphabet
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||||
|
||||
cham: Cham alphabet
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||||
cham: Cham Alphabet
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||||
|
||||
cherokee: Cherokee alphabet
|
||||
cherokee: Cherokee Alphabet
|
||||
|
||||
chinese: Chinese pinyin alphabet
|
||||
chinese: Chinese pinyin Alphabet
|
||||
|
||||
coptic: Coptic alphabet
|
||||
coptic: Coptic Alphabet
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||||
|
||||
cypriot-syllabary: Cypriot syllabary
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||||
|
||||
cyrillic: Cyrillic alphabet
|
||||
cyrillic: Cyrillic Alphabet
|
||||
|
||||
czech: Czech alphabet
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czech: Czech Alphabet
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||||
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||||
deseret: Deseret alphabet
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||||
deseret: Deseret Alphabet
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||||
devanagari: Devanagari alphabet
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devanagari: Devanagari Alphabet
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||||
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elbasan: Elbasan alphabet
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elbasan: Elbasan Alphabet
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||||
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english: English alphabet
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english: English Alphabet
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||||
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esperanto: Esperanto alphabet
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esperanto: Esperanto Alphabet
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ethiopic: Ethiopic Geʻez alphabet
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ethiopic: Ethiopic Geʻez Alphabet
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||||
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french: French alphabet
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french: French Alphabet
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georgian: Georgian alphabet
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||||
georgian: Georgian Alphabet
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||||
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german: German alphabet
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||||
german: German Alphabet
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||||
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glagolitic: Glagolitic alphabet
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glagolitic: Glagolitic Alphabet
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||||
|
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gothic: Gothic alphabet
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gothic: Gothic Alphabet
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||||
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grantha: Grantha alphabet
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||||
grantha: Grantha Alphabet
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||||
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greek: Greek alphabet
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greek: Greek Alphabet
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||||
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||||
gujarati: Gujarati alphabet
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||||
gujarati: Gujarati Alphabet
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||||
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||||
gurmukhi: Gurmukhi alphabet
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gurmukhi: Gurmukhi Alphabet
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||||
|
||||
hangul: Hangul alphabet
|
||||
hangul: Hangul Alphabet
|
||||
|
||||
hanunoo: Hanunoo alphabet
|
||||
hanunoo: Hanunoo Alphabet
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||||
|
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hebrew: Hebrew alphabet
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||||
hebrew: Hebrew Alphabet
|
||||
|
||||
hungarian: Hungarian alphabet
|
||||
hungarian: Hungarian Alphabet
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||||
|
||||
imperial-aramaic: Imperial aramaic alphabet
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imperial-aramaic: Imperial aramaic Alphabet
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|
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international-phonetic-alphabet: International phonetic alphabet
|
||||
international-phonetic-alphabet: International phonetic Alphabet
|
||||
|
||||
italian: Italian alphabet
|
||||
italian: Italian Alphabet
|
||||
|
||||
japanese-hiragana: Japanese hiragana alphabet
|
||||
japanese-hiragana: Japanese hiragana Alphabet
|
||||
|
||||
japanese-katakana: Japanese katakana alphabet
|
||||
japanese-katakana: Japanese katakana Alphabet
|
||||
|
||||
javanese: Javanese alphabet
|
||||
javanese: Javanese Alphabet
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||||
|
||||
kaithi: Kaithi alphabet
|
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kaithi: Kaithi Alphabet
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||||
|
||||
kannada: Kannada alphabet
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||||
kannada: Kannada Alphabet
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||||
|
||||
kayah-li: Kayah li alphabet
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kayah-li: Kayah li Alphabet
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||||
|
||||
kazakh: Kazakh alphabet
|
||||
kazakh: Kazakh Alphabet
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||||
|
||||
kharoshthi: Kharoshthi alphabet
|
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kharoshthi: Kharoshthi Alphabet
|
||||
|
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khmer: Khmer alphabet
|
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khmer: Khmer Alphabet
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||||
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||||
khojki: Khojki alphabet
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khojki: Khojki Alphabet
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||||
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khudawadi: Khudawadi alphabet
|
||||
khudawadi: Khudawadi Alphabet
|
||||
|
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lao: Lao alphabet
|
||||
lao: Lao Alphabet
|
||||
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latin: Latin alphabet
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||||
latin: Latin Alphabet
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||||
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lepcha: Lepcha alphabet
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lepcha: Lepcha Alphabet
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limbu: Limbu alphabet
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limbu: Limbu Alphabet
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linear-b-Syllabary: Linear B syllabary
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lisu: Lisu alphabet
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||||
lisu: Lisu Alphabet
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||||
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lycian: Lycian alphabet
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lycian: Lycian Alphabet
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||||
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lydian: Lydian alphabet
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||||
lydian: Lydian Alphabet
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||||
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nabataean: Nabataean alphabet
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||||
nabataean: Nabataean Alphabet
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||||
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mahajani: Mahajani alphabet
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mahajani: Mahajani Alphabet
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||||
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malayalam: Malayalam alphabet
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malayalam: Malayalam Alphabet
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||||
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mandaic: Mandaic alphabet
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mandaic: Mandaic Alphabet
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manichaean: Manichaean alphabet
|
||||
manichaean: Manichaean Alphabet
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meetei-mayek: Meetei mayek alphabet
|
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meetei-mayek: Meetei mayek Alphabet
|
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mende-kikakui: Mende kikakui alphabet
|
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mende-kikakui: Mende kikakui Alphabet
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meroitic-cursive: Meroitic cursive alphabet
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meroitic-cursive: Meroitic cursive Alphabet
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||||
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modi: Modi alphabet
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||||
modi: Modi Alphabet
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||||
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mongolian: Mongolian alphabet
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||||
mongolian: Mongolian Alphabet
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||||
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||||
mro: Mro alphabet
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mro: Mro Alphabet
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||||
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||||
myanmar: Myanmar alphabet
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||||
myanmar: Myanmar Alphabet
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||||
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||||
new-tai-lue: New tai lue alphabet
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||||
new-tai-lue: New tai lue Alphabet
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||||
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nko: Nko alphabet
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nko: Nko Alphabet
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||||
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ogham: Ngham alphabet
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ogham: Ngham Alphabet
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ol-chiki: Ol chiki alphabet
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ol-chiki: Ol chiki Alphabet
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old-italic: Old italic etruscan alphabet
|
||||
old-italic: Old italic etruscan Alphabet
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||||
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old-north-arabian: Old north arabian alphabet
|
||||
old-north-arabian: Old north arabian Alphabet
|
||||
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old-permic: Old permic alphabet
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old-permic: Old permic Alphabet
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old-persian: Old persian alphabet
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old-persian: Old persian Alphabet
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old-south-arabian: Old south arabian alphabet
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old-south-arabian: Old south arabian Alphabet
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old-turkic: Old turkic runic alphabet
|
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old-turkic: Old turkic runic Alphabet
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oriya: Oriya alphabet
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oriya: Oriya Alphabet
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osmanya: Osmanya alphabet
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osmanya: Osmanya Alphabet
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pahawh-hmong: Pahawh hmong alphabet
|
||||
pahawh-hmong: Pahawh hmong Alphabet
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pahlavi: Pahlavi alphabet
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pahlavi: Pahlavi Alphabet
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palmyrene: Palmyrene alphabet
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palmyrene: Palmyrene Alphabet
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pau-cin-hau: Pau cin hau alphabet
|
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pau-cin-hau: Pau cin hau Alphabet
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phags-pa: Phags-pa alphabet
|
||||
phags-pa: Phags-pa Alphabet
|
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|
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phoenician: Phoenician alphabet
|
||||
phoenician: Phoenician Alphabet
|
||||
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polish: Polish alphabet
|
||||
polish: Polish Alphabet
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||||
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||||
pollard: Pollard alphabet
|
||||
pollard: Pollard Alphabet
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||||
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rejang: Rejang alphabet
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rejang: Rejang Alphabet
|
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runic: Runic alphabet
|
||||
runic: Runic Alphabet
|
||||
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russian: Russian alphabet
|
||||
russian: Russian Alphabet
|
||||
|
||||
samaritan: Samaritan alphabet
|
||||
samaritan: Samaritan Alphabet
|
||||
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saurashtra: Saurashtra alphabet
|
||||
saurashtra: Saurashtra Alphabet
|
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sharada: Sharada alphabet
|
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sharada: Sharada Alphabet
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shavian: Shavian alphabet
|
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shavian: Shavian Alphabet
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siddham: Siddham alphabet
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siddham: Siddham Alphabet
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sinhala: Sinhala alphabet
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sinhala: Sinhala Alphabet
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sora-sompeng: Sora sompeng alphabet
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sora-sompeng: Sora sompeng Alphabet
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spanish: Spanish alphabet
|
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spanish: Spanish Alphabet
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||||
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sundanese: Sundanese alphabet
|
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sundanese: Sundanese Alphabet
|
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syloti-nagri: Syloti nagri alphabet
|
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syloti-nagri: Syloti nagri Alphabet
|
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|
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syriac: Syriac alphabet
|
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syriac: Syriac Alphabet
|
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|
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tagalog: Tagalog alphabet
|
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tagalog: Tagalog Alphabet
|
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tagbanwa: Tagbanwa alphabet
|
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tagbanwa: Tagbanwa Alphabet
|
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tai-le: Tai le alphabet
|
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tai-le: Tai le Alphabet
|
||||
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tai-tham: Tai tham alphabet
|
||||
tai-tham: Tai tham Alphabet
|
||||
|
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tai-viet: Tai viet alphabet
|
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tai-viet: Tai viet Alphabet
|
||||
|
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takri: Takri alphabet
|
||||
takri: Takri Alphabet
|
||||
|
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tamil: Tamil alphabet
|
||||
tamil: Tamil Alphabet
|
||||
|
||||
tatar: Tatar alphabet
|
||||
tatar: Tatar Alphabet
|
||||
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telugu: Telugu alphabet
|
||||
telugu: Telugu Alphabet
|
||||
|
||||
thaana: Thaana alphabet
|
||||
thaana: Thaana Alphabet
|
||||
|
||||
thai: Thai alphabet
|
||||
thai: Thai Alphabet
|
||||
|
||||
tibetan: Tibetan alphabet
|
||||
tibetan: Tibetan Alphabet
|
||||
|
||||
tifinagh: Tifinagh alphabet
|
||||
tifinagh: Tifinagh Alphabet
|
||||
|
||||
tirhuta: Tirhuta alphabet
|
||||
tirhuta: Tirhuta Alphabet
|
||||
|
||||
turkish: Turkish alphabet
|
||||
turkish: Turkish Alphabet
|
||||
|
||||
ugaritic: Ugaritic alphabet
|
||||
ugaritic: Ugaritic Alphabet
|
||||
|
||||
ukrainian: Ukrainian alphabet
|
||||
ukrainian: Ukrainian Alphabet
|
||||
|
||||
unified-canadian-aboriginal-syllabics: Unified canadian aboriginal syllabary
|
||||
|
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vai: Vai syllabary
|
||||
|
||||
varang-kshiti: Varang kshiti alphabet
|
||||
varang-kshiti: Varang kshiti Alphabet
|
||||
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||||
yi-syllables: Yi syllabary
|
||||
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
||||
control-character: Control character
|
||||
control-character: Control Character
|
||||
basic-latin: Basic Latin
|
||||
latin-1-supplement: Latin-1 Supplement
|
||||
latin-extended-a: Latin Extended-A
|
||||
@ -306,4 +306,23 @@ symbols-and-pictographs-extended-a: Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A
|
||||
symbols-for-legacy-computing: Symbols for Legacy Computing
|
||||
cjk-unified-ideographs-extension-g: CJK Unified Ideographs Extension G
|
||||
supplementary-private-use-area-a: Supplementary Private Use Area-A
|
||||
supplementary-private-use-area-b: Supplementary Private Use Area-B
|
||||
supplementary-private-use-area-b: Supplementary Private Use Area-B
|
||||
arabic-extended-b: Arabic Extended-B
|
||||
vithkuqi: Vithkuqi
|
||||
latin-extended-f: Latin Extended-F
|
||||
arabic-extended-c: Arabic Extended-C
|
||||
old-uyghur: Old Uyghur
|
||||
unified-canadian-aboriginal-syllabics-extended-a: Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Extended-A
|
||||
devanagari-extended-a: Devanagari Extended-A
|
||||
kawi: Kawi
|
||||
cypro-minoan: Cypro-Minoan
|
||||
tangsa: Tangsa
|
||||
kana-extended-b: Kana Extended-B
|
||||
znamenny-musical-notation: Znamenny Musical Notation
|
||||
kaktovik-numerals: Kaktovik Numerals
|
||||
latin-extended-g: Latin Extended-G
|
||||
cyrillic-extended-d: Cyrillic Extended-D
|
||||
toto: Toto
|
||||
nag-mundari: Nag Mundari
|
||||
ethiopic-extended-b: Ethiopic Extended-B
|
||||
cjk-unified-ideographs-extension-h: CJK Unified Ideographs Extension H
|
||||
|
||||
7
loc/en/blocks/adlam.axyml
Normal file
7
loc/en/blocks/adlam.axyml
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
|
||||
The Adlam alphabet is designed to write Fula. This language is spoken in the northwest of Africa. It originally belonged to the nomadic Fulani tribe. Nowadays it is spoken by 40 million people from Senegal to Egypt.
|
||||
|
||||
Traditionally, the Fula language is written in Latin or Arabic. However, in the late 80s of the last century, Ibrahima and Abdoulaye Barry developed their own Adlam script for Fula. Over the years the alphabet has spread and is now taught at schools in Guinea, Nigeria, Liberia and other neighboring countries. It is supported on Google's Android and Chrome operating systems.
|
||||
|
||||
The alphabet is named after the first four letters: A, D, L, M. The words of the phrase "Alkule DandayɗE Leñol Mulugol" begin with these letters, which is translated as "the alphabet that protects peoples from extinction".
|
||||
|
||||
Adlam is a consonant-vocal alphabet. The direction of writing is from right to left. The letters can be written separately or connected using italics, just like in Arabic or [block:nko Nko]. The script has its own diacritics and original characters of decimal digits. At the same time, it uses European punctuation, except for the question mark [U:061F], which was taken from Arabic.
|
||||
5
loc/en/blocks/ahom.axyml
Normal file
5
loc/en/blocks/ahom.axyml
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
|
||||
The Ahom script was used by Thais who migrated in the 13th century to the valley of the Brahmaputra River (Indian state of Assam). Archaeologists had found many inscriptions on coins, stone walls, trees, metal plates. The oldest Ahom inscription dates back to the 15th century. In the 17th century, the language was replaced with Assamese, and it started to be written with the help of the [block:bengali Bengali script]. In an attempt to revive the language, an Ahom-Assamese-English dictionary was published in 1920.
|
||||
|
||||
Nowadays you can find a lot of Ahom books, but its tonal system has been completely lost.
|
||||
|
||||
The Ahom script is considered the Brahmi's descendant. It is an abugida, all syllables of which end with a long "a". There are no independent vowels — they can be written as dependent together with the following symbol: [U:11712]. In the modern version of the script, the sign "killer" (virama) is used to eliminate the unnecessary vowels [U:1172B]. Apart from that, decimal digits have been added to the writing. Their outlines have no historical explanation.
|
||||
5
loc/en/blocks/anatolian-hieroglyphs.axyml
Normal file
5
loc/en/blocks/anatolian-hieroglyphs.axyml
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
|
||||
Anatolian hieroglyphs were common on the Anatolian peninsula from the 14th to the 7th century BC. In some sources they can be called Hittite or Luwian because they were used in the Hittite state to write the Luwian language. It seems that this script was created specially for Luwian, as manuscripts in other languages have not been found. Before its appearance, the Hittites used modified Akkadian cuneiform. By the 7th century BC, hieroglyphs were completely replaced by [block:Lydian Lydian] and [block:Lycian Lycian] alphabets.
|
||||
|
||||
The Anatolian script is a mixture of ideographic and syllabic writing systems. Some characters might convey an entire word or just one syllable, depending on the context. Sentences consisted of hieroglyphs or syllables or both.
|
||||
|
||||
The texts were almost always written horizontally, but sometimes graphemes would be placed one above the other. The direction was different: from left to right, and vice versa, plus boustrophedon (when these two directions are combined). In Unicode, character outlines presuppose writing from left to right. Otherwise, the characters have to be reversed.
|
||||
@ -1,3 +1,9 @@
|
||||
The musical system of ancient Greece evolved over a period of more than 500 years from simple scales of tetrachords, or divisions of the perfect fourth, to The Perfect Immutable System, encompassing a span of fifteen pitch keys.
|
||||
Ancient Greek Musical Notation is a Unicode block containing various symbols used in Ancient Greece for composing and writing down music.
|
||||
|
||||
The system was popular in Greece from the 9th century BC to the 6th century AD. It consisted of symbols inscribed on stone or metal plates, which represented the pitch and duration of musical notes.
|
||||
|
||||
The notation evolved over a period of more than 500 years. It went from simple scales of tetrachords, or divisions of the perfect fourth, to The Perfect Immutable System, encompassing a span of fifteen pitch keys. The most famous example of ancient Greek musical notation is the Seikilos epitaph, a piece of music inscribed on a tombstone.
|
||||
|
||||
Any discussion of ancient Greek music, theoretical, philosophical or aesthetic, is fraught with two problems: there are few examples of written music, and there are many, sometimes fragmentary theoretical and philosophical accounts. This article provides an overview which includes examples of different kinds of classification while also trying to show the broader form evolving from the simple tetrachord to system as a whole.
|
||||
Any discussion of ancient Greek music, theoretical, philosophical or aesthetic, is fraught with two problems. First, there are few examples of written music, which makes the exploration difficult. Second, there are many theoretical and philosophical accounts, sometimes fragmentary. All in all, the notation was applied to both vocal and instrumental music, but much of it has been lost and is only partially understood today.
|
||||
|
||||
The symbols in this block include instrumental and vocalic notation, plus further inscriptions. Copy them to your history report and get an excellent mark from your teacher!
|
||||
@ -1,3 +1,3 @@
|
||||
Ancient Greek Numbers is a Unicode block containing acrophonic [https://unicode-table.com/en/numerals/ numerals] used in ancient Greece.
|
||||
Ancient Greek Numbers is a Unicode block containing acrophonic [URL /en/collections/numerals/ numerals] used in ancient Greece.
|
||||
|
||||
Attic numerals were used by the ancient Greeks, possibly from the 7th century BC. They were also known as Herodianic numerals because they were first described in a 2nd-century [https://unicode-table.com/en/1F4DC/ manuscript] by Herodian. They are also known as acrophonic numerals because the symbols derive from the first letters of the words that the symbols represent: five, ten, [https://unicode-table.com/en/1F4AF/ hundred], thousand and ten thousand. See Greek numerals and acrophony, click the numbers to find out their English names.
|
||||
Attic numerals were used by the ancient Greeks, possibly from the 7th century BC. They were also known as Herodianic numerals because they were first described in a 2nd-century [URL /en/1F4DC/ manuscript] by Herodian. They are also known as acrophonic numerals because the symbols derive from the first letters of the words that the symbols represent: five, ten, [URL /en/1F4AF/ hundred], thousand and ten thousand. See Greek numerals and acrophony, click the numbers to find out their English names.
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1 +1 @@
|
||||
Ancient Symbols is a Unicode block containing Roman characters for [https://unicode-table.com/en/sets/currency-symbols/ currency], [https://unicode-table.com/en/2696/ weights], and [https://unicode-table.com/en/1F4CF/ measures].
|
||||
Ancient Symbols is a Unicode block containing Roman characters for [URL /en/collections/currency-symbols/ currency], [URL /en/2696/ weights], and [URL /en/1F4CF/ measures].
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1 +1 @@
|
||||
[BLOCK:arabic Arabic] Extended-A is a Unicode block encoding Qur'anic annotations and letter variants used for various non-Arabic languages.
|
||||
In this block you will find additional [block:arabic Arabic letters 0600–06FF], vowel signs, tone marks for Rohingya, Berber, Belarusian, Tatar, Bashkir, and African languages. Apart from that, don't forget to check Quranic annotation signs.
|
||||
@ -1 +1 @@
|
||||
Arabic Supplement is a Unicode block that encodes [BLOCK:arabic Arabic letter] variants mostly used for writing African (non-Arabic) languages.
|
||||
Arabic Supplement is a Unicode block that contains [BLOCK:arabic Arabic letters] and variants mostly used for writing African (non-Arabic) languages.
|
||||
@ -1,5 +1,11 @@
|
||||
Armenian is a Unicode block containing characters for writing the Armenian language, both the traditional Western Armenian and reformed Eastern Armenian orthographies. Five Armenian ligatures are encoded in the [BLOCK:alphabetic-presentation-forms Alphabetic Presentation Forms block].
|
||||
Armenian is a Unicode block containing characters for writing [b]the Armenian language[/b], both the traditional Western Armenian and reformed Eastern Armenian orthographies. Five Armenian ligatures are encoded in the [BLOCK:alphabetic-presentation-forms Alphabetic Presentation Forms block].
|
||||
|
||||
The Armenian language (classical: հայերէն; reformed: հայերեն [hɑjɛˈɾɛn] hayeren) is an Indo-European language spoken by the Armenians. It is the official language of the Republic of Armenia and the self-proclaimed Nagorno-Karabakh Republic. It has historically been spoken throughout the Armenian Highlands and today is widely spoken in the Armenian diaspora. Armenian has its own unique script, the Armenian alphabet, invented in 405 AD by Mesrop Mashtots.
|
||||
Linguists classify Armenian as an independent branch of the Indo-European language family. It is of interest to linguists for its distinctive phonological developments within the Indo-European languages. Armenian shares a number of major innovations with [BLOCK:greek-coptic Greek], and some linguists group these two languages with Phrygian and the Indo-Iranian family into a higher-level subgroup of Indo-European, which is defined by such shared innovations as the augment. More recently, others have proposed a Balkan grouping including Greek, Phrygian, [BLOCK:armenian Armenian], and [BLOCK:caucasian-albanian Albanian].
|
||||
Armenia was a monolingual country no later than by the second century BC. Its language has long literary history, with a fifth-century Bible translation as its oldest surviving text. There are two standardized modern literary forms, Eastern Armenian and Western Armenian, with which most contemporary dialects are mutually intelligible.
|
||||
The Armenian language (classical: հայերէն; reformed: հայերեն [hɑjɛˈɾɛn] hayeren) is an Indo-European language spoken by the Armenians. It is the official language of the [b]Republic of Armenia[/b] and the self-proclaimed [b]Nagorno-Karabakh Republic[/b]. It has historically been spoken throughout the Armenian Highlands and today is widely spoken in the Armenian diaspora.
|
||||
|
||||
Armenian has its own unique script, the Armenian alphabet, invented in 405 AD by Mesrop Mashtots.
|
||||
|
||||
Scholars classify Armenian as [b][i]an independent branch of the Indo-European language family[/i][/b]. The area that linguists are especially interested in is the distinctive [b]phonological developments within the Indo-European languages[/b]. Armenian shares a number of major innovations with [BLOCK:greek-coptic Greek], and some linguists group these two languages with Phrygian and the Indo-Iranian family into a higher-level subgroup of Indo-European, which is defined by such shared changes as the augment. Recently other scholars have proposed a Balkan grouping including Greek, Phrygian, [BLOCK:armenian Armenian], and [BLOCK:caucasian-albanian Albanian].
|
||||
|
||||
Armenia was a monolingual country till the second century BC. Its language has long literary history, with a [i]fifth-century Bible translation as its oldest surviving text[/i].
|
||||
|
||||
There are two standardized modern literary forms, Eastern Armenian and Western Armenian, with which most contemporary dialects are mutually intelligible.
|
||||
@ -1 +1,5 @@
|
||||
Arrows is a Unicode block containing line, curve, and semicircle symbols terminating in barbs or arrows.
|
||||
Arrows is a Unicode block containing lines, curves, and semicircle symbols terminating in barbs or arrows. It´s interesting that even arrows have categories: Unicode divides them into two groups in particular: simple arrows and arrows with modifications, not to mention the arrows with bent tips. Some arrows feel lonely when they travel alone, so they go in pairs.
|
||||
|
||||
The general objectives of arrows (both in real life and Unicode) are to mark directions, connections, relations, logical assumptions, implications, and computer buttons. The main directions include the key four: up, down, left, right. However, some signs are coded in eight variants.
|
||||
|
||||
What else can you use arrows for? Well, a lot of bloggers use such symbols to indicate the they are referring to the previous story on their profile ←. Besides, these arrows are often met in books emphasizing some important information ↗. Plus, as usual, you can always express your creativity with these strange creatures: snake-like arrow ↝, an arrow doing yoga ↨, flash zig-zag arrow ↯, and two arrows that crashed into the walls ↹.
|
||||
@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
|
||||
The Avestan alphabet is a writing system developed during Iran's Sassanid era (AD 226–651) to render the Avestan language.
|
||||
The Avestan alphabet is a written-right-to-left system developed from [BLOCK:Imperial-Aramaic Aramaic] during Iran's Sassanid era (AD 226–651) to record the Avestan language. Avestan was capable of expressing the variety of vowels, however it wasn't quite a useful option.
|
||||
|
||||
The oldest manuscript dates back to the XIII-XIV centuries.
|
||||
|
||||
As a side effect of its development, the script was also used for Pazend, a method of writing Middle Persian that was used primarily for the Zend commentaries on the texts of the Avesta. In the texts of Zoroastrian tradition, the alphabet is referred to as din dabireh or din dabiri, Middle Persian for "the religion's script".
|
||||
As a side effect of its development, the script was also used for [b]Zoroastrianism - an Iranian oldest religion about good and evil[/b]. So the method of writing Middle Persian was used primarily for the Zend commentaries on the texts of the Avesta. In the texts of Zoroastrian tradition, the alphabet is referred to as [i]din dabireh[/i] or [i]din dabiri[/i], Middle Persian for [i]the religion's script[/i].
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,3 +1,9 @@
|
||||
Bamum is a Unicode block containing the characters of stage-G Bamum script, used for modern writing of the Bamum language of western Cameroon. Characters for writing earlier orthographies (stages A–F) are contained in a Bamum Supplement block.
|
||||
Bamum es un bloque de Unicode que contiene los caracteres utilizados para la escritura moderna de la lengua Bamum del oeste de Camerún. Los caracteres para escribir ortografías anteriores (etapas A-F) están en el bloque de suplemento Bamum.
|
||||
|
||||
The Bamum scripts are an evolutionary series of six scripts created for the Bamum language by King Njoya of Cameroon at the turn of the 20th century. They are notable for evolving from a pictographic system to a partially alphabetic syllabic script in the space of 14 years, from 1896 to 1910. Bamum type was cast in 1918, but the script fell into disuse around 1931.
|
||||
Las escrituras Bamum son una serie de seis escrituras creadas para el idioma Bamum por el rey Njoya de Camerún a principios del siglo XX. Se destacan por [b]evolucionar de un sistema pictográfico a una escritura silábica alfabética[/b] durante 14 años, de 1896 a 1910. El alfabeto Bamum fue introducido en 1918, pero la escritura se murió en 1931.
|
||||
|
||||
Es un hecho realmente divertido que [b]Njoya no estaba satisfecho con la escritura y la cambió 6 veces[/b]. Si la primera variante era puramente ideográfica, la última era una escritura silábica. Al principio, los signos eran solo dibujos, luego gradualmente comenzaron a usarse como acertijos hasta que se perdió su significado léxico.
|
||||
|
||||
[b]La meta de las reformas de escritura fue reducir el número de signos. Sin embargo, Njoya no pensó en los efectos secundarios de esta decisión.[/b] Por ejemplo, ignoró lo que el Bamum es un lenguaje tonal. Como resultado, aparecieron muchos homógrafos en el texto. [i]Los homógrafos son palabras que se escribieron de la misma manera pero que diferían en pronunciación debido a los tonos, lo que, por lo tanto, llevó a una confusión semántica.[/me]
|
||||
|
||||
Después de que los franceses llegaron a Camerún en 1918, trataron mal a Njoya, ya que tenía una buena relación con la administración alemana. Por eso Njoya fue al mayor exilio, y se prohibió el alfabeto. Actualmente el alfabeto está al borde de la extinción.
|
||||
7
loc/en/blocks/bhaiksuki.axyml
Normal file
7
loc/en/blocks/bhaiksuki.axyml
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
|
||||
Bhaiksuki is a historical alphabet used in the 11th and 12th centuries AD in India. It was spread on the territories where the modern states of Bihar and Bengal are situated. The Bhaiksuki script was used to write in the Sanskrit language. Later on, the scholars found 11 short inscriptions on objects and 4 manuscripts in this script. All of them represent Buddhist religious texts.
|
||||
|
||||
In English-speaking countries, Bhaiksuki is also known as Arrow-Headed translation. It's derived from Brahmi. The most similar are [block:devanagari Devanagari] and [block:sharada Sharada].
|
||||
|
||||
The Bhaiksuki alphabet is syllabic, it's an abugida. It uses a virama. The writing goes from left to right. The words are separated by the following symbol: [U:11C43].
|
||||
|
||||
In addition, this script has two sets of digits. The first one is for the decimal positional system. Moreover, the outlines of the digits 0 and 3 are unknown — they are taken from similar scripts. The second is designed for a non—positional system, which contains ones, tens and a sign for multiplication by 100.
|
||||
@ -1 +1,9 @@
|
||||
Block Elements is a Unicode block containing square block symbols of various fill and shading.
|
||||
Block Elements is a Unicode block containing square block symbols of various fill and shading.
|
||||
|
||||
Some of them look like parts of Minecraft's mobs and locations. Others remind me of Tetris - that long-forgotten block-based game, where you have to arrange multiple pieces in a proper construction, while they're falling down from above in a random order.
|
||||
|
||||
What can we do with these symbols? Well, first of all, use them for sending creepy messages. Let me show you:
|
||||
|
||||
▛▖ ▗▜
|
||||
▙
|
||||
▞▚ [i]we're not friends anymore[/i]
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,3 +1,10 @@
|
||||
Brāhmī is the modern name given to one of the oldest writing systems used in the Indian subcontinent and in Central Asia during the final centuries BCE and the early centuries CE. Like its contemporary, [BLOCK:kharoshthi Kharoṣṭhī], which was used in what is now Afghanistan and Pakistan, was an abugida.
|
||||
The best-known Brahmi inscriptions are the rock-cut edicts of Ashoka in north-central India, dated to 250–232 BCE. The script was deciphered in 1837 by James Prinsep, an archaeologist, philologist, and official of the East India Company. The origin of the script is still much debated, with current Western academic opinion generally agreeing (with some exceptions) that Brahmi was derived from or at least influenced by one or more contemporary Semitic scripts, but a current of opinion in India favors the idea that it is connected to the much older and as-yet undeciphered Indus script. Brahmi was at one time referred to in English as the "pin-man" script, that is "stick figure" script.
|
||||
The Gupta script of the 5th century is sometimes called "Late Brahmi". The Brahmi script diversified into numerous local variants, classified together as the Brahmic scripts. Dozens of modern scripts used across South Asia have descended from Brahmi, making it one of the world's most influential writing traditions. One survey found 198 scripts that ultimately derive from it.
|
||||
Brāhmī is the modern name given to one of the oldest writing systems used in the Indian subcontinent and in Central Asia during the final centuries BCE and the early centuries CE.
|
||||
|
||||
##Controversy around origins
|
||||
|
||||
Like its contemporary, [BLOCK:kharoshthi Kharoṣṭhī], which was used in what is now Afghanistan and Pakistan, [b]Brahmi was an abugida[/b].
|
||||
The best-known Brahmi inscriptions are the rock-cut edicts of Ashoka in north-central India, dated to 250–232 BCE. The script was deciphered in 1837 by James Prinsep, an archaeologist, philologist, and official of the East India Company. The origin of the script is still much debated, with current Western academic opinion generally agreeing (with some exceptions) that Brahmi was derived from or at least influenced by contemporary Semitic scripts. However, the current Indian tradition favors the idea that it is connected to the much older and yet-to-be deciphered Indus script. Brahmi was at one time referred to in English as the [i]"pin-man"[/i] script, that is [i]"stick figure"[/i] script.
|
||||
|
||||
##Brahmi's fate
|
||||
|
||||
The Gupta script of the 5th century is sometimes called "Late Brahmi". The Brahmi script diversified into numerous local variants, classified together as the Brahmic scripts. Dozens of modern scripts used across South Asia have descended from Brahmi, making it one of the [b]world's most influential writing[/b] traditions. One survey found 198 scripts that ultimately derive from it. Nevertheless, it didn't prevent people from giving up on Brahmi in the middle centuries.
|
||||
@ -1,7 +1,10 @@
|
||||
In Unicode, braille is represented in a block called Braille Patterns (U+2800..U+28FF). The block contains all 256 possible patterns of an 8-dot braille cell, thereby including the complete 6-dot cell range.
|
||||
|
||||
Braille /ˈbreɪl/ is a tactile writing system used by the blind and the visually impaired. It is traditionally written with embossed paper. Braille-users can read computer screens and other electronic supports thanks to refreshable braille displays. They can write braille with the original slate and stylus or type it on a braille writer, such as a portable braille note-taker, or on a computer that prints with a braille embosser.
|
||||
|
||||
Braille is named after its creator, Frenchman Louis Braille, who lost his eyesight due to a childhood accident. In 1824, at the age of 15, Braille developed his code for the French alphabet as an improvement on night writing. He published his system, which subsequently included musical notation, in 1829. The second revision, published in 1837, was the first binary form of writing developed in the modern era.
|
||||
|
||||
Braille characters are small rectangular blocks called cells that contain tiny palpable bumps called raised dots. The number and arrangement of these dots distinguish one character from another. Since the various braille alphabets originated as transcription codes of printed writing systems, the mappings (sets of character designations) vary from language to language. Furthermore, in English Braille there are three levels of encoding: Grade 1, a letter-by-letter transcription used for basic literacy; Grade 2, an addition of abbreviations and contractions; and Grade 3, various non-standardized personal shorthands.
|
||||
Braille cells are not the only thing to appear in embossed text. There may be embossed illustrations and graphs, with the lines either solid or made of series of dots, arrows, bullets that are larger than braille dots, etc.
|
||||
|
||||
In the face of screen-reader software, braille usage has declined. However, braille education remains important for developing reading skills among blind and visually impaired children, and braille literacy correlates with higher employment rates.
|
||||
5
loc/en/blocks/burmese-alphabet-extention-a.axyml
Normal file
5
loc/en/blocks/burmese-alphabet-extention-a.axyml
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
|
||||
Burmese script is the written form of the Burmese language. It can be characterized as a kind of Indian consonant-syllabic script (abugida). It is used in Burma to write in Burmese, Mon (Mon script), Shan (Shan script) and several Karen languages. The characteristic feature of Burmese lies in its round forms. It can be explained through the fact that the traditional palm leaves used for writing were torn from straight lines, and therefore served as shape-forming materials.
|
||||
|
||||
The writing goes from left to right. There are no omissions between words, although informal writing contains spaces between sentences.
|
||||
|
||||
Burmese script, originating from the Mon script, has undergone significant changes to accommodate Burmese phonology and SVO word order. The font changes depending on the language (Shan, Mon, etc.)
|
||||
@ -1 +1,17 @@
|
||||
Byzantine Musical Symbols is a Unicode block containing characters for representing Byzantine-era musical notation.
|
||||
Byzantine Musical Symbols is a Unicode block containing characters for representing Byzantine-era musical notation.
|
||||
|
||||
Byzantine music refers to the [b]liturgical music used in the Orthodox Church[/b] within the Byzantine Empire and the Churches regarded as continuing that tradition.
|
||||
|
||||
The main features of this music is that it's
|
||||
|
||||
[*]monophonic (with drone notes),
|
||||
[*]exclusively vocal,
|
||||
[*]and almost entirely sacred.
|
||||
|
||||
Very little secular music of this kind has been preserved. The length of the period between Ancient Greek and Byzantine music is unclear.
|
||||
|
||||
There are two kinds of Byzantine musical notation. The earlier recitative style was used to notate the recitation of lessons (readings from the Bible). Such symbols are represented here [U:1D0DAU]. It probably was introduced in the late 4th century and was increasingly confused until the 15th century, when it passed out of use. Lessons are no longer musically notated, though they are still chanted. The notation consisted of marking the overall musical rendering of phrases in the reading (prosodic signs [U:1D000]), rather than individual notes.
|
||||
|
||||
The second kind of notation is neumatic, i.e. it uses neumes (musical notes). Various subdivisions of the notation have been proposed; the standard subdivisions are [b]Early Byzantine, Middle Byzantine, Late Byzantine, and Modern Byzantine[/b]. Middle, Late, and Modern notation use the same basic signs, with similar if not the same meanings, and so may be unified as the one notation system.
|
||||
|
||||
If you're interested in other types of notation, more conventional, explore the block called [BLOCK:musical-symbols Musical Symbols].
|
||||
@ -1 +1,10 @@
|
||||
The Carian alphabets are a number of regional scripts used to write the Carian language of western Anatolia. They consisted of some 30 alphabetic letters, with several geographic variants in Caria and a homogeneous variant attested from the Nile delta, where Carian mercenaries fought for the Egyptian pharaohs. They were written left-to-right in Caria (apart from the Carian–Lydian city of Tralleis) and right-to-left in Egypt. Carian was deciphered primarily through Egyptian–Carian bilingual tomb inscriptions, starting with John Ray in 1981; previously only a few sound values and the alphabetic nature of the script had been demonstrated. The readings of Ray and subsequent scholars were largely confirmed with a Carian–Greek bilingual inscription discovered in Kaunos in 1996, which for the first time verified personal names, but the identification of many letters remains provisional and debated, and a few are wholly unknown.
|
||||
The Carian alphabets are a number of regional scripts used to write the Carian language of western Anatolia. It's geographical location is between the ancient regions of Lycia and Lydia, the alphabets of which have a lot of similarities with Carian. You can even conduct your own investigation, as we have the [BLOCK:lycian Lycian] and [BLOCK:lydian Lydian] scripts on the website.
|
||||
|
||||
As you are to discover further, the main Carian inscriptions were found in Caria, [b]Mainland Greece and Egypt[/b].
|
||||
|
||||
Carian was deciphered primarily through Egyptian–Carian [b]bilingual tomb inscriptions[/b], starting with John Ray in 1981. I don't know why, but I find it especially fascinating that to decipher a language you need to study not the books, not the papers, but the tombs of real people. [i]People actually had to die for this language to be documented. Wow![/i]
|
||||
|
||||
Wasn't there any evidence to this script before? Well, there was, but only a few sound values and the alphabetic order of the script. The readings of Ray and subsequent scholars were largely confirmed with a Carian–Greek bilingual inscription discovered in Kaunos in 1996, which for the first time verified personal names, but the identification of many letters remains provisional and debated, and a few are wholly unknown.
|
||||
|
||||
Speaking of structure, the Carian scripts consisted of 30 alphabetic letters, with several geographic variants in Caria and a homogeneous variant attested from the Nile delta, where Carian mercenaries fought for the Egyptian pharaohs. They were written left-to-right in Caria (apart from the Carian–Lydian city of Tralleis) and right-to-left in Egypt.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1 +1,6 @@
|
||||
The Caucasian Albanian alphabet, or the alphabet for the Gargareans, was an alphabet used by the Caucasian Albanians, one of the ancient and indigenous Northeast Caucasian peoples whose territory comprised parts of present-day Azerbaijan and Daghestan. It was one of only two indigenous alphabets ever developed for speakers of indigenous Caucasian languages (i.e. Caucasian languages that are not a part of larger groupings like the Turkic and Indo-European languages families) to represent any of their languages, the other being the [BLOCK:georgian Georgian alphabet]. The Armenian language, the third indigenous language of Caucasus with its own alphabet, is an independent branch of the Indo-European language family.
|
||||
The Caucasian Albanian alphabet was an alphabet used by the Caucasian Albanians. They were one of the ancient and indigenous Northeast Caucasian peoples, whose territory comprised parts of present-day Azerbaijan and Daghestan.
|
||||
|
||||
[b]A bit of linguistic insights[/b]. Caucasian Albanian was one of the two indigenous alphabets ever developed for the speakers of the indigenous Caucasian languages (i.e. Caucasian languages that are not a part of larger groups like the Turkic and Indo-European families). The other alphabet is [BLOCK:georgian Georgian].
|
||||
|
||||
The [BLOCK:armenian Armenian language], the third indigenous language of Caucasus with its own alphabet, is an independent branch of the Indo-European language family, so it doesn't really count.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,2 +1,11 @@
|
||||
Cham is a Unicode block containing characters for writing the Cham language, primarily used for the Eastern dialect in Cambodia.
|
||||
The Cham alphabet is an abugida used to write Cham, an Austronesian language spoken by some 230,000 Cham people in Vietnam and Cambodia. It is written horizontally left to right, as is English.
|
||||
The Cham alphabet is an abugida.
|
||||
|
||||
[b]What is an abugida?[/b] We mention this type of alphabet quite often here. Basically, it's a [b]consonant-driven alphabet[/b], where vowels don't stand independently, but rather come together with consonants.
|
||||
|
||||
Anyway, Cham is an Austronesian language spoken by some 230,000 Cham people in Vietnam and Cambodia. It is written horizontally left to right, as is English.
|
||||
As for the origins, it comes from the [BLOCK:brahmi Brahmi alphabet]. The earliest inscriptions found in this language date back to the I thousand years AC. A lot of ancient manuscripts have survived till our days. By them we can judge about the nature of the texts written in Cham. They were mostly religious, astrological, historical, mythological and other texts.
|
||||
|
||||
Nowadays the majority of Cambodia Chams write [BLOCK:arabic the Arabic alphabet], and the Cham script use is restricted to Vietnam. At the times of the French colonization all Chams were supposed to use [BLOCK:basic-latin Latin] for all of their languages. The script plays an important role in the traditional Cham culture. However, it doesn't contribute to the culture's preservation and wide use.
|
||||
|
||||
In 2008 Cham was added to Unicode.
|
||||
1
loc/en/blocks/cherokee-supplement.axyml
Normal file
1
loc/en/blocks/cherokee-supplement.axyml
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1 @@
|
||||
Another block with the syllabic [block:cherokee Cherokee script]. Here you can find the encodings of all lowercase variations of the characters, except for the six ones that are in the main section.
|
||||
@ -1,3 +1,15 @@
|
||||
Cherokee is a Unicode block containing the syllabic characters for writing the Cherokee language.
|
||||
The Cherokee script is a syllabic script invented by the Indian George Hess (also known as George Gist or tribe chief Sequoia) for the Cherokee language in 1819. His creation of the syllabary is particularly noteworthy, because he couldn't read any script. He first experimented with logograms, but his system later developed into a syllabary.
|
||||
|
||||
The Cherokee syllabary is a syllabary invented by Sequoyah to write the Cherokee language in the late 1810s and early 1820s. His creation of the syllabary is particularly noteworthy in that he could not previously read any script. He first experimented with logograms, but his system later developed into a syllabary. In his system, each symbol represents a syllable rather than a single phoneme; the 85 (originally 86) characters in the Cherokee syllabary provide a suitable method to write Cherokee. Some symbols do resemble the Latin, Greek and even the Cyrillic scripts' letters, but the sounds are completely different (for example, the sound /a/ is written with a letter that resembles Latin D).
|
||||
The descendants of Sequoia claim that the script was invented much earlier than when Sequoiawas born, so his role was reduced to being the last member of a special clan who guarded this script, but there is no confirmation or evidence of this.
|
||||
|
||||
A year later, in 1820, thousands of Cherokee learned to write and read in this script. In 1830 90% of the Indians of this tribe mastered literacy and writing skills.
|
||||
|
||||
The Cherokee script was used for more than a hundred years. It was published in books, religious texts, almanacs and newspapers (in particular, the Cherokee Phoenix newspaper).
|
||||
|
||||
Today this script still exists and plays a very important role in the life of the Cherokee. For example, you need to speak and write Cherokee to get the status of a full member of the tribe. In addition, the authorities are trying to revive and popularize both the writing and the Cherokee language.
|
||||
|
||||
The writing system consists of 85 syllabic signs. Some of them resemble Latin letters, but have a completely different meaning (for example, the sign for /a/ reminds of [U:0044]).
|
||||
|
||||
Not all phonemic oppositions are marked in writing. For example, /g/ and /k/ differ only in syllables with /a/. In the alphabet there are also no marks for the length and brevity of vowels and tonal differences. Besides, there is no accepted way to express consonant combinations.
|
||||
|
||||
In this system, each symbol represents a syllable rather than a single phoneme. Some symbols do resemble the Latin, Greek and even Cyrillic scripts' letters, but the sounds are completely different (for example, the sound /a/ is written with a letter that resembles Latin /d/).
|
||||
9
loc/en/blocks/chess-symbols.axyml
Normal file
9
loc/en/blocks/chess-symbols.axyml
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
|
||||
If you are looking for the traditional chess pieces, you can find their emojis in this block with [block:miscellaneous-symbols Miscellaneous-symbols]. On the contrary, here we will talk about the pictograms for so-called [b]fairy chess[/b].
|
||||
|
||||
Long before Unicode appeared, and even before computers were introduced to the world, people started inventing chess puzzles. [b]What is a chess puzzle?[/b] Basically, it's an imaginary (or pretty realistic) situation on a chessboard, where there is a certain position and a particular goal for playing this position out. For example, black must lose in three moves. Such an entertainment soon became very popular, and people kept developing and improving it. To make the game even merrier, new rules and figures would be introduced (for example, a grasshopper or a knightmare; I love the language pun of the latter). Such game variations were called fairy chess.
|
||||
|
||||
To make it more clear, I'll give you an example: if you watched [b]The Big-Bang Theory[b], you probably remember an episode, where [b]one of the main characters, Sheldon Cooper, was playing three-level chess[/b], which basically looked like three chessboards, located one above the other. The challenging and uplifting game Sheldon found engrossing, was nothing else than a demonstration of what fairy chess may look like. If only he heard about cylinder chess! I guess he would be impressed.
|
||||
|
||||
Fairy chess was vastly popular: a lot of magazines and newspapers covered the information about it. To minimize the resources for creating "unorthodox" figures, typewriters took the classic pieces and turned them over. That's why you can see a lot of "rotated" symbols here: it's not your brain going crazy, it's a legitimate chess code.
|
||||
|
||||
Apart from the fairy chess, we included the pieces for Chinese chess called Xiangqi. Copy and paste them to get better chances of victory over your Chinese rival.
|
||||
10
loc/en/blocks/chorasmian.axyml
Normal file
10
loc/en/blocks/chorasmian.axyml
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
|
||||
The Central Asian country named Kwarezm was first mentioned in the 7th century BC. Its main part was located along Amu Daria river, where the territories of modern Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan were situated. The people that inhabited Kwarezm spoke their own language, which used the characters from this block.
|
||||
|
||||
The samples discovered can be divided in two separate styles of the Chorasmian script:
|
||||
|
||||
[*] Lapidary. The word itself implies that the inscriptions were made on solid material, which means that the system of writing is less complicated — with no connections. Whole epitaphs on stone coffins have been preserved. This style was the first to appear.
|
||||
[*] Italic — inscriptions are present on wooden plaques, leather, coins. It is encoded in Unicode.
|
||||
|
||||
The earliest manuscripts containing Chorasmian writing date back to the 3rd century BC. It is believed to have evolved from [block:imperial-Aramaic Imperial Aramaic]. In the 8th century, with the spread of Islam, it was replaced by Arabic. The Chorasmian script had an impact on such writing systems as [block:inscriptional-parthian Parthian], [block:sogdian Sogdian] and [block:inscriptional-pahlavi Pahlavi].
|
||||
|
||||
The Chorasmian alphabet is characterized as constant. It includes 21 letters. The direction can be either from right to left or from top to bottom. Moreover, when it's from top to bottom, the lines go from left to right. The words are separated by an empty space. There are no punctuation marks.
|
||||
@ -1 +1,9 @@
|
||||
CJK Compatibility Forms is a Unicode block containing vertical glyph variants for east Asian compatibility.
|
||||
[BLOCK:cjk-compatibility-forms CJK Compatibility Forms] is a Unicode block containing vertical glyph variants for East Asian compatibility.
|
||||
|
||||
[BLOCK:cjk-unified-ideographs The Chinese script] (漢字, 汉字) has been the only common alphabet for writing Chinese for thousands of years. The characters and punctuation used in Chinese writing are also widespread in Japanese and Korean. Until 1945 the Chinese script was applied to the Vietnamese language.
|
||||
|
||||
Going back to the basics, [b]what is CJK anyway?[/b] In the context of internationalisation, it is [b]a collective term for the Chinese, Japanese, and Korean languages, which include Chinese characters[/b].
|
||||
|
||||
The age of the Chinese script is constantly under clarification. In 1962 during the archeological digging of the Neolithic settlement of Jiahu on the Yellow River, there was made a discovery about the inscriptions on turtle shells resembling the ancient Chinese hieroglyphs. The pictograms date back to the VI millennium BC, which is even older than Sumerian writing. Previously, a well-known researcher of Chinese writing, Tang Lan, suggested that Chinese hieroglyphics originated 4-5 millennia ago. In a nutshell, there is plenty of information to research.
|
||||
|
||||
As you might know, the Chinese writing tends to be called [b]hieroglyphic and ideographic[/b]. It is radically different from the alphabetic one in terms of characters, as each character is assigned a particular meaning, not only phonetic, but semiotic too. The number of such characters is huge and it may account up to 10 000 and more! That's why studying Chinese may be challenging for those who have only encountered European languages. I once attended a workshop on Chinese for beginners. The teacher told us that to learn Chinese, [i]"you have to reshape your way of thinking"[/i] in order to comprehend the concepts. Sounds impressive, right? So if you decide to study it too, you know where to find the characters. This block offers a huge variety of them and comes in handy, if you don't plan to change your keyboard. Just copy these symbols and paste wherever you need to.
|
||||
@ -0,0 +1 @@
|
||||
Additional variants of the CJK hieroglyphs for compatibility with 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 15 from the Chinese national standard CNS 11643-1992.
|
||||
@ -1 +1,9 @@
|
||||
CJK Compatibility Ideographs is a Unicode block containing Han Ideographs that contained duplicate characters in the South Korean KS X 1001:1998 (U+F900-U+FA0B), Taiwanese Big5 (U+FA0C-U+FA0D), Japanese IBM 32 (CP932 variant; U+FA0E-U+FA2D), JIS X 0213 (U+FA30-U+FA6A), ARIB STD-B24 (U+FA6B-U+FA6D) and the North Korean KPS 10721-2000 (U+FA70-U+FAD9) source standards for CJK characters. In order to retain round-trip compatibility with that standard, the CJK Compatibility Ideographs block was created to hold those extra characters. In subsequent versions of the standard, more compatibility ideographs, and even a few regular ideographs that do not have duplicates, have been added to the block.
|
||||
[BLOCK:cjk-unified-ideographs CJK Compatibility Ideographs] is a Unicode block containing rare Han ideographs.
|
||||
|
||||
[BLOCK:cjk-unified-ideographs The Chinese script] (漢字, 汉字) has been the only common alphabet for writing Chinese for thousands of years. The characters and punctuation used in Chinese writing are also widespread in Japanese and Korean. Until 1945 the Chinese script was applied to the Vietnamese language.
|
||||
|
||||
Going back to the basics, [b]what is CJK anyway?[/b] In the context of internationalisation, it is [b]a collective term for the Chinese, Japanese, and Korean languages, which include Chinese characters[/b].
|
||||
|
||||
The age of the Chinese script is constantly under clarification. In 1962 during the archeological digging of the Neolithic settlement of Jiahu on the Yellow River, there was made a discovery about the inscriptions on turtle shells resembling the ancient Chinese hieroglyphs. The pictograms date back to the VI millennium BC, which is even older than Sumerian writing. Previously, a well-known researcher of Chinese writing, Tang Lan, suggested that Chinese hieroglyphics originated 4-5 millennia ago. In a nutshell, there is plenty of information to research.
|
||||
|
||||
As you might know, the Chinese writing tends to be called [b]hieroglyphic and ideographic[/b]. It is radically different from the alphabetic one in terms of characters, as each character is assigned a particular meaning, not only phonetic, but semiotic too. The number of such characters is huge and it may account up to 10 000 and more! That's why studying Chinese may be challenging for those who have only encountered European languages. I once attended a workshop on Chinese for beginners. The teacher told us that to learn Chinese, [i]"you have to reshape your way of thinking"[/i] in order to comprehend the concepts. Sounds impressive, right? So if you decide to study it too, you know where to find the characters. This block offers a huge variety of them and comes in handy, if you don't plan to change your keyboard. Just copy these symbols and paste wherever you need to.
|
||||
@ -1 +1,9 @@
|
||||
CJK Radicals Supplement is a Unicode block containing alternative, often positional, forms of the [BLOCK:kangxi-radicals Kangxi radicals]. They are used headers in dictionary indices and other [BLOCK:cjk-unified-ideographs CJK ideograph] collections organized by radical-stroke.
|
||||
CJK Radicals Supplement is a Unicode block containing alternative, often positional, forms of the [BLOCK:kangxi-radicals Kangxi radicals]. They are used as headers in dictionary indices and other [BLOCK:cjk-unified-ideographs CJK ideograph] collections organized by radical-stroke.
|
||||
|
||||
Going back to the basics, [b]what is CJK?[/b] In the context of internationalisation, it is [b]a collective term for the Chinese, Japanese, and Korean languages, which include Chinese characters[/b]. Ok, this is now clear. But what about radicals? A Chinese radical is a [b]graphical component[/b] of a Chinese character under which the character is traditionally listed in a Chinese dictionary.
|
||||
|
||||
[BLOCK:cjk-unified-ideographs The Chinese script] (漢字, 汉字) has been the only common alphabet for writing Chinese for thousands of years. The characters and punctuation used in Chinese writing are also widespread in Japanese and Korean. Until 1945 the Chinese script was applied to the Vietnamese language.
|
||||
|
||||
The age of the Chinese script is constantly under clarification. In 1962 during the archeological digging of the Neolithic settlement of Jiahu on the Yellow River, there was made a discovery about the inscriptions on turtle shells resembling the ancient Chinese hieroglyphs. The pictograms date back to the VI millennium BC, which is even older than Sumerian writing. Previously, a well-known researcher of Chinese writing, Tang Lan, suggested that Chinese hieroglyphics originated 4-5 millennia ago. In a nutshell, there is plenty of information to research.
|
||||
|
||||
As you might know, Chinese writing tends to be called [b]hieroglyphic and ideographic[/b]. It is radically different from the alphabetic one in terms of characters, as each character is assigned a particular meaning, not only phonetic, but semiotic too. The number of such characters is huge and it may account up to 10 000 and more! That's why studying Chinese may be challenging for those who have only encountered European languages. I once attended a workshop on Chinese for beginners. The teacher told us that to learn Chinese, "you have to reshape your way of thinking" in order to comprehend the concepts. Sounds impressive, right? So if you decide to study it too, you know where to find the characters. This block offers a huge variety of them and comes in handy, if you don't plan to change your keyboard. Just copy these symbols and paste wherever you need to.
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1 +1,9 @@
|
||||
CJKV strokes are the calligraphic strokes needed to write the [BLOCK:cjk-unified-ideographs Chinese characters] in regular script used in East Asia. CJK strokes are the classified set of line patterns that may be arranged and combined to form Chinese characters (also known as Hanzi) in use in China, Japan, Korea, and to a lesser extent in Vietnam.
|
||||
CJKV strokes are the calligraphic strokes needed to write the [BLOCK:cjk-unified-ideographs Chinese characters] in regular script used in East Asia. CJK strokes are the classified set of line patterns that may be arranged and combined to form Chinese characters (also known as Hanzi) in use in China, Japan, Korea, and to a lesser extent in Vietnam.
|
||||
|
||||
For more than thousands of years, the Chinese script has been the only common way of writing down the Chinese language. The keys used in Chinese are also widespread in Japanese and Korean, due to historical and cultural reasons. There they are called Kanji and Hanja, respectively. Until 1945 the Chinese script was also applied for writing Vietnamese.
|
||||
|
||||
Going back to the basics, [b]what is CJK?[/b] In the context of internationalisation, it is [b]a collective term for the Chinese, Japanese, and Korean languages, which include Chinese characters[/b].
|
||||
|
||||
The age of the Chinese script is constantly under clarification. In 1962 during the archeological digging of the Neolithic settlement of Jiahu on the Yellow River, there was made a discovery about the inscriptions on turtle shells resembling the ancient Chinese hieroglyphs. The pictograms date back to the VI millennium BC, which is even older than Sumerian writing. Previously, a well-known researcher of Chinese writing, Tang Lan, suggested that Chinese hieroglyphics originated 4-5 millennia ago. In a nutshell, there is plenty of information to research.
|
||||
|
||||
As you might know, Chinese writing tends to be called [b]hieroglyphic and ideographic[/b]. It is radically different from the alphabetic one in terms of characters, as each character is assigned a particular meaning, not only phonetic, but semiotic too. The number of such characters is huge and it may account up to 10 000 and more! That's why studying Chinese may be challenging for those who have only encountered European languages. I once attended a workshop on Chinese for beginners. The teacher told us that to learn Chinese, "you have to reshape your way of thinking" in order to comprehend the concepts. Sounds impressive, right? So if you decide to study it too, you know where to find the characters. This block offers a huge variety of them and comes in handy, if you don't plan to change your keyboard. Just copy these symbols and paste wherever you need to.
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1 +1,9 @@
|
||||
[BLOCK:cjk-unified-ideographs CJK Unified Ideographs] Extension-A is a Unicode block containing rare Han ideographs.
|
||||
[BLOCK:cjk-unified-ideographs CJK Unified Ideographs] Extension-A is a Unicode block containing rare Han ideographs.
|
||||
|
||||
[BLOCK:cjk-unified-ideographs The Chinese script] (漢字, 汉字) has been the only common alphabet for writing Chinese for thousands of years. The characters and punctuation used in Chinese writing are also widespread in Japanese and Korean. Until 1945 the Chinese script was applied to the Vietnamese language.
|
||||
|
||||
Going back to the basics, [b]what is CJK anyway?[/b] In the context of internationalisation, it is [b]a collective term for the Chinese, Japanese, and Korean languages, which include Chinese characters[/b].
|
||||
|
||||
The age of the Chinese script is constantly under clarification. In 1962 during the archeological digging of the Neolithic settlement of Jiahu on the Yellow River, there was made a discovery about the inscriptions on turtle shells resembling the ancient Chinese hieroglyphs. The pictograms date back to the VI millennium BC, which is even older than Sumerian writing. Previously, a well-known researcher of Chinese writing, Tang Lan, suggested that Chinese hieroglyphics originated 4-5 millennia ago. In a nutshell, there is plenty of information to research.
|
||||
|
||||
As you might know, the Chinese writing tends to be called [b]hieroglyphic and ideographic[/b]. It is radically different from the alphabetic one in terms of characters, as each character is assigned a particular meaning, not only phonetic, but semiotic too. The number of such characters is huge and it may account up to 10 000 and more! That's why studying Chinese may be challenging for those who have only encountered European languages. I once attended a workshop on Chinese for beginners. The teacher told us that to learn Chinese, [i]"you have to reshape your way of thinking"[/i] in order to comprehend the concepts. Sounds impressive, right? So if you decide to study it too, you know where to find the characters. This block offers a huge variety of them and comes in handy, if you don't plan to change your keyboard. Just copy these symbols and paste wherever you need to.
|
||||
|
||||
3
loc/en/blocks/cjk-unified-ideographs-extension-b.axyml
Normal file
3
loc/en/blocks/cjk-unified-ideographs-extension-b.axyml
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
|
||||
The block contains rare and obsolete hieroglyphs of CJK (The Chinese, Japanese and Korean scripts). Here you can see a lot of encoded variants of the characters registered in the Ideographic Variation Database of Unicode.
|
||||
|
||||
Seriously, I've never studied these languages, so colour me impressed. This number of symbols is enough to provide you with the necessary repertoire to speak to your ancestors via Ouija board! Be careful though, you don't wanna bring them back accidentally, so use these hieroglyphs wisely.
|
||||
3
loc/en/blocks/cjk-unified-ideographs-extension-c.axyml
Normal file
3
loc/en/blocks/cjk-unified-ideographs-extension-c.axyml
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
|
||||
The block contains rare and obsolete hieroglyphs of CJK (The Chinese, Japanese and Korean scripts). Here you can see a lot of encoded variants of the characters registered in the Ideographic Variation Database of Unicode.
|
||||
|
||||
I'll be damned, another extension for CJK. Buckle up, they are going to cover the whole screen, so copy these little bastards to close the page as soon as possible.
|
||||
3
loc/en/blocks/cjk-unified-ideographs-extension-d.axyml
Normal file
3
loc/en/blocks/cjk-unified-ideographs-extension-d.axyml
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
|
||||
The block contains rare and obsolete hieroglyphs of CJK (The Chinese, Japanese and Korean scripts). Here you can see a lot of encoded variants of the characters registered in the Ideographic Variation Database of Unicode.
|
||||
|
||||
CJK is already getting on my nerves, too many extensions for a person who doesn't speak Oriental languages. Call an ambulance! I can barely breathe.
|
||||
3
loc/en/blocks/cjk-unified-ideographs-extension-e.axyml
Normal file
3
loc/en/blocks/cjk-unified-ideographs-extension-e.axyml
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
|
||||
The block contains rare and obsolete hieroglyphs of CJK (The Chinese, Japanese and Korean scripts). Here you can see a lot of encoded variants of the characters registered in the Ideographic Variation Database of Unicode.
|
||||
|
||||
I definitely adore this CJK extension. The majority of the hieroglyphs is not available on my laptop, so there's just a bunch of squares dangling on my screen, like pears or apples on a tree in Minecraft. Plus, as I mentioned in other CJK descriptions, I'm not a fan of Oriental languages. I would rather savour the identical geometrical shapes with question marks.
|
||||
5
loc/en/blocks/cjk-unified-ideographs-extension-f.axyml
Normal file
5
loc/en/blocks/cjk-unified-ideographs-extension-f.axyml
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
|
||||
The block contains rare and obsolete hieroglyphs of CJK (The Chinese, Japanese and Korean scripts). Here you can see a lot of encoded variants of the characters registered in the Ideographic Variation Database of Unicode.
|
||||
|
||||
However, for me this block is nothing else but another set of white squares, supposedly hiding some mysterious signs I'll never be able to learn. If you have the same problem, go to the [URL /en/blocks/cjk-unified-ideographs-extension-b/ CJK B extension] and enjoy the full-sized hieroglyphs in their natural habitat. Maybe you'll want to study Oriental languages. I'm done.
|
||||
|
||||
If you haven't checked the previous A-E CJK extensions, you're missing the whole fun. I've been whining for a while now.
|
||||
6
loc/en/blocks/cjk-unified-ideographs-extension-g.axyml
Normal file
6
loc/en/blocks/cjk-unified-ideographs-extension-g.axyml
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
|
||||
The block contains rare and obsolete hieroglyphs of CJK (The Chinese, Japanese and Korean scripts). Here you can see a lot of encoded variants of the characters registered in the Ideographic Variation Database of Unicode.
|
||||
|
||||
Finally, the last CJK extension! You're truly lucky if you didn't have to go through the previous ones. I had. That's why I'm barely alive. But I made it to the last extension, and I feel inspired as never.
|
||||
|
||||
So don't shy away from doing the same, and check the whole list of CJK extensions from A to G. You only live once!
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
|
||||
CJK Unified Ideographs is a Unicode block containing the most common CJK ideographs used in modern Chinese and Japanese.
|
||||
[BLOCK:cjk-unified-ideographs The Chinese script] (漢字, 汉字) has been the only common alphabet for writing Chinese for thousands of years. The characters and punctuation used in Chinese writing are also widespread in Japanese and Korean. Until 1945 the Chinese script was applied to the Vietnamese language.
|
||||
|
||||
The Chinese, Japanese and Korean (CJK) scripts share a common background. In the process called Han unification the common (shared) characters were identified, and named "CJK Unified Ideographs". Unicode defines a total of 74,617 CJK Unified Ideographs.
|
||||
The terms ideographs or ideograms may be misleading, since the Chinese script is not strictly a picture writing system.
|
||||
Historically, Vietnam used Chinese ideographs too, so sometimes the abbreviation "CJKV" is used. This system was replaced by the Latin-based Vietnamese alphabet in the 1920s.
|
||||
Going back to the basics, [b]what is CJK anyway?[/b] In the context of internationalisation, it is [b]a collective term for the Chinese, Japanese, and Korean languages, which include Chinese characters[/b].
|
||||
|
||||
The age of the Chinese script is constantly under clarification. In 1962 during the archeological digging of the Neolithic settlement of Jiahu on the Yellow River, there was made a discovery about the inscriptions on turtle shells resembling the ancient Chinese hieroglyphs. The pictograms date back to the VI millennium BC, which is even older than Sumerian writing. Previously, a well-known researcher of Chinese writing, Tang Lan, suggested that Chinese hieroglyphics originated 4-5 millennia ago. In a nutshell, there is plenty of information to research.
|
||||
|
||||
As you might know, Chinese writing tends to be called [b]hieroglyphic and ideographic[/b]. It is radically different from the alphabetic one in terms of characters, as each character is assigned a particular meaning, not only phonetic, but semiotic too. The number of such characters is huge and it may account up to 10 000 and more! That's why studying Chinese may be challenging for those who have only encountered European languages. I once attended a workshop on Chinese for beginners. The teacher told us that to learn Chinese, [i]"you have to reshape your way of thinking"[/i] in order to comprehend the concepts. Sounds impressive, right? So if you decide to study it too, you know where to find the characters. This block offers a huge variety of them and comes in handy, if you don't plan to change your keyboard. Just copy these symbols and paste wherever you need to.
|
||||
@ -1 +1,13 @@
|
||||
Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols is a Unicode block containing [BLOCK:arrows], dots, enclosures, and overlays for modifying symbol characters.
|
||||
Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols is a Unicode block containing [BLOCK:arrows], dots, enclosures, and overlays for modifying symbol characters.
|
||||
|
||||
Talking about linguistics, how can we characterize the diacritical marks? Basically, those are various subscript and superscript symbols, which are applied in letter-alphabets (including consonant-alphabets, like abugidas) and syllable alphabets. Their main feature is that they act [b] not as separate and independent symbols, but as additional marks for changing or narrowing the meaning of a particular sound or letter[/b]. Sometimes diacritics are supposed to be smaller than the letter itself.
|
||||
|
||||
Synonymous names: accents (more specific), diacritics (professional discourse). Needless to say, a system of diacritics that refers to some script or text is also called a diacritic.
|
||||
|
||||
Sometimes one letter may have more than two diacritics at the same time. Just like in the following examples: ặ, ṩ, ᶑ.
|
||||
|
||||
The vocal symbols in alphabets like Hebrew, Arabic, and Syriac can be often confused with diacritics due to their similar appearance. However, they mostly act as a special type of letters, so they carry different functions.
|
||||
|
||||
[b]When do we use diacritics?[/b] Diacritics come in handy if the letters in an alphabet are not enough to express some sounds or meanings. The main alternatives for diacritics are various combinations of two letters (digraphs), three letters or more that convey one sound. For instance, the sound /sh/ is a digraph in English as it is in French /ch/, whereas in German it will be a trigraph /sch/. Are there languages that convey this sound with one letter? Yes, sure, it's clearly reflected in Czech /š/. Plus, in this case we're dealing with a diacritic, which plays the role of this pronunciation facilitator.
|
||||
|
||||
Diacritics are used both with consonant and vowel letters. The key drawback of diacritics is that they fill the writing with tiny little details, which are extremely important, and if you forget or skip one, it can lead to serious mistakes and consequences. However, we know a lot of languages which don't use diacritics at all (English) or just a little (Russian). In some cases there's a tendency of replacing diacritical letters with digraphs. The German sound /ö/ becomes /ое/ in the textual versions, but since the introduction of umlaut, this phenomenon is almost out of use.
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1 +1,13 @@
|
||||
Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement is a Unicode block containing combining characters for the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet and Medievalist notations. It is an extension of the diacritic characters found in the [BLOCK:combining-diacritical-marks] block.
|
||||
Combining Diacritical Marks Supplement is a Unicode block containing combining characters for the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet and Medievalist notations. It is an extension of the diacritic characters found in the [BLOCK:combining-diacritical-marks] block. They are mostly applied in consonant and syllabic systems not as independent characters, but rather as additional or supplemental signs which change or make the meaning more clear.
|
||||
|
||||
Sometimes diacritical signs are required to be smaller than the letters.
|
||||
|
||||
As for the synonymous names, they include the following: glyphs, accents (which is more narrow in terms of meaning and context), the already mentioned diacritics (which is a professional term that linguists use a lot). Needless to say, a system of diacritics that refers to some script or text is also called a diacritic.
|
||||
|
||||
You might be wondering, [b]how many diacritics can be used with one letter?[/b] Sometimes one letter may have more than two diacritics at the same time. Just like in the following examples: ặ, ṩ, ᶑ.
|
||||
|
||||
The vocal symbols in alphabets like Hebrew, Arabic, and Syriac can be often confused with diacritis due to their similar appearance. However, they mostly act as a special type of letters, so they carry different functions.
|
||||
|
||||
[b]When do we use diacritics?[/b] Diacritics come in handy if the letters in an alphabet are not enough to express some sounds or meanings. The main alternatives for diacritics are various combinations of two letters (digraphs), three letters or more that convey one sound. For instance, the sound /sh/ is a digraph in English as it is in French /ch/, whereas in German it will be a trigraph /sch/. Are there languages that convey this sound with one letter? Yes, sure, it's clearly reflected in Czech /š/. Plus, in this case we're dealing with a diacritic, which plays the role of this pronunciation facilitator.
|
||||
|
||||
Diacritics are used both with consonant and vowel letters. The key drawback of diacritics is that they fill the writing with tiny little details, which are extremely important, and if you forget or skip one, it can lead to serious mistakes and consequences. However, we know a lot of languages which don't use diacritics at all (English) or just a little (Russian). In some cases there's a tendency of replacing diacritical letters with digraphs. The German sound /ö/ becomes /ое/ in the textual versions, but since the introduction of umlaut, this phenomenon is almost out of use.
|
||||
@ -1 +1,13 @@
|
||||
[BLOCK:coptic Coptic] Epact Numbers is a Unicode block containing old Coptic number forms.
|
||||
[BLOCK:coptic Coptic] Epact Numbers is a Unicode block containing old Coptic number forms.
|
||||
|
||||
These numbers were used in some regions instead of letters of the Coptic alphabet. They were applied for encoding numbers, just like Roman numerals, and it was very popular around the world. Egyptian Christians were the ones who took advantage of this and turned Coptic into their liturgical language. Apart from that, there is also evidence of it being a part of the Bohairic dialect.
|
||||
|
||||
By the way, what does [b]epact mean[/b]? Apparently, this term comes from astrology. According to today's Gregorian calendar, an epact is a number representing the age of the Moon on January 1 in order to harmonize the lunar and solar calendars. Just as I thought.
|
||||
|
||||
The Coptic alphabet contains separate characters for each of the digits, 1-9 (0 is not indicated), each of the tens numbers from 10-90, and each of the hundreds numbers from 100-900. Numbers were composed from left-to-right by successively adding the values that each character or digit represented. Here are some examples of the numbers:
|
||||
|
||||
[U:102ED] - 40
|
||||
[U:102F1] - 80
|
||||
|
||||
[b]!Fun Fact![/b] There is a thousand mark diacritic [U:102E0] that multiplies the digit by one thousand (so 5 with thousand mark = 5,000, 900 with thousand mark indicates 900,000). Therefore, [U:102E0][U:102E0] represents a million.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
|
||||
Coptic is a Unicode block used with the [BLOCK:greek-coptic Greek and Coptic] block to write the Coptic language. Prior to version 4.1 of the Unicode Standard, Greek and Coptic was used exclusively to write Coptic text, but Greek and Coptic letter forms are contrastive in many scholarly works, necessitating their disunification. Any specifically Coptic letters in the Greek and Coptic block are not reproduced in the Coptic Unicode block.
|
||||
Coptic is a Unicode block used with the [BLOCK:greek-coptic Greek and Coptic] block to write the Coptic language. Prior to version 4.1 of the Unicode Standard, Greek and Coptic were used exclusively to write Coptic text. However, Greek and Coptic letter forms are contrastive in many scholarly works, and their further separation was needed. Therefore, the specific Coptic letters in the Greek and Coptic block are not reproduced in the Coptic Unicode block.
|
||||
|
||||
The Coptic alphabet is the script used for writing the Coptic language. The repertoire of glyphs is based on the Greek alphabet augmented by letters borrowed from the Egyptian Demotic and is the first alphabetic script used for the Egyptian language. There are several Coptic alphabets, as the Coptic writing system may vary greatly among the various dialects and subdialects of the Coptic language.
|
||||
Apparently, the Coptic alphabet is the script used for writing the Coptic language. The repertoire of glyphs is based on the Greek alphabet augmented by letters borrowed from the Egyptian Demotic. The borrowings included some Egyptian consonants, since they were missing from the Greek alphabet. It's actually the first alphabetic script used for the Egyptian language.
|
||||
|
||||
There are several Coptic alphabets, as the Coptic writing system may vary greatly among the various dialects and subdialects of the Coptic language.
|
||||
@ -1,3 +1,7 @@
|
||||
Counting rods (simplified Chinese: 筹; traditional Chinese: 籌; pinyin: chóu; Japanese: 算木, sangi) are small bars, typically 3–14 cm long, that were used by mathematicians for calculation in ancient China, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam. They are placed either horizontally or vertically to represent any integer or rational number.
|
||||
|
||||
The written forms based on them are called rod numerals. They are a true positional numeral system with digits for 1–9 and a blank for 0, from the Warring states period (circa 475 BCE) to the 16th century.
|
||||
Counting rods are small bars, typically 3–14 cm long, that were used by mathematicians for calculation in ancient China, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam. They are placed either horizontally or vertically to represent any integer or rational number.They are a true positional numeral system with digits for 1–9 and a blank for 0, from the Warring states period (around 475 BCE) to the 16th century.
|
||||
|
||||
Apparently, counting bars were used in China from the earliest times, but got forbidden later. As for Japan, the use of counting rod numerals continued to grow, and they had even become the symbol of algebra there.
|
||||
|
||||
Initially counting rods could be used for simple calculations, expressing digits from 1 to 9. However, later on their development led to the introduction of "zero" and a whole symbolical language of mathematics.
|
||||
|
||||
Counting sticks and a counting board helped a lot in complex calculations with fractions, fractals and negative numbers. To reflect the latter, either sticks of a different color or special forms of writing were used. Counting numeral rods are still used today in some parts of east Asia, predominantly China.
|
||||
@ -1,6 +1,11 @@
|
||||
In Unicode, the Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform script is covered in two blocks:
|
||||
U+12000–U+1237F [BLOCK:cuneiform]
|
||||
U+12400–U+1247F Cuneiform Numbers and Punctuation
|
||||
These blocks, in version 6.0, are in the Supplementary Multilingual Plane (SMP).
|
||||
The sample glyphs in the chart file published by the Unicode Consortium show the characters in their Classical Sumerian form (Early Dynastic period, mid 3rd millennium BCE). The characters as written during the 2nd and 1st millennia BCE, the era during which the vast majority of cuneiform texts were written, are considered font variants of the same characters.
|
||||
Cuneiform script is one of the earliest known systems of writing, distinguished by its wedge-shaped marks on clay tablets, made by means of a blunt reed for a stylus. The name cuneiform itself simply means [i]wedge shaped[/i], from the Latin [i]cuneus[/i] "wedge" and [i]forma[/i] "shape". It came into English usage probably from Old French cunéiforme.
|
||||
|
||||
##A system of pictographs
|
||||
|
||||
Cuneiform writing began as a system of pictographs. In the third millennium, the pictorial representations became simplified and more abstract as the number of characters in use grew smaller, from about 1,000 in the Early Bronze Age to about 400 in Late Bronze Age (Hittite cuneiform). The system consists of a combination of logophonetic, consonantal alphabetic and syllabic signs.
|
||||
|
||||
##More on the version
|
||||
|
||||
In Unicode, the Sumero-Akkadian Cuneiform script is covered in two blocks: U+12000–U+1237F [BLOCK:cuneiform Cuneiform] and U+12400–U+1247F [BLOCK:cuneiform-numbers-and-punctuation this one]. The sample glyphs in the chart file published by the Unicode Consortium show the characters in their Classical Sumerian form (Early Dynastic period, mid 3rd millennium BCE). The characters as written during the 2nd and 1st millennia BCE, the era during which the vast majority of cuneiform texts were written, are considered font variants of the same characters.
|
||||
|
||||
The character set as published in version 5.2 has been criticized, mostly because of its treatment of a number of common characters as ligatures, omitting them from the encoding standard.
|
||||
@ -1,4 +1,7 @@
|
||||
Cuneiform script is one of the earliest known systems of writing, distinguished by its wedge-shaped marks on clay tablets, made by means of a blunt reed for a stylus. The name cuneiform itself simply means "wedge shaped", from the Latin cuneus "wedge" and forma "shape," and came into English usage probably from Old French cunéiforme.
|
||||
Emerging in Sumer in the late 4th millennium B.C.E. (the Uruk IV period), cuneiform writing began as a system of pictographs. In the third millennium, the pictorial representations became simplified and more abstract as the number of characters in use grew smaller, from about 1,000 in the Early Bronze Age to about 400 in Late Bronze Age (Hittite cuneiform). The system consists of a combination of logophonetic, consonantal alphabetic and syllabic signs.
|
||||
The original Sumerian script was adapted for the writing of the Akkadian, Eblaite, Elamite, Hittite, Luwian, Hattic, Hurrian, and Urartian languages, and it inspired the [BLOCK:ugaritic] and [BLOCK:old-persian] alphabets. Cuneiform writing was gradually replaced by the [BLOCK:phoenician] alphabet during the Neo-Assyrian Empire. By the 2nd century C.E., the script had become extinct, and all knowledge of how to read it was lost until it began to be deciphered in the 19th century.
|
||||
Between half a million and two million cuneiform tablets are estimated to have been excavated in modern times, of which only approximately 30,000 – 100,000 have been read or published. The British Museum holds the largest collection, c. 130,000, followed by the Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin, the Louvre, the Istanbul Archaeology Museums, the National Museum of Iraq, the Yale Babylonian Collection (c.40,000) and Penn Museum. Most of these have "lain in these collections for a century without being translated, studied or published," as there are only a few hundred qualified cuneiformists in the world.
|
||||
Cuneiform script is one of the earliest known systems of writing, distinguished by its wedge-shaped marks on clay tablets, made by means of a blunt reed for a stylus. The name cuneiform itself simply means [i]wedge shaped[/i], from the Latin [i]cuneus[/i] "wedge" and [i]forma[/i] "shape". It came into English usage probably from Old French cunéiforme.
|
||||
|
||||
Cuneiform writing began as a system of pictographs. In the third millennium, the pictorial representations became simplified and more abstract as the number of characters in use grew smaller, from about 1,000 in the Early Bronze Age to about 400 in Late Bronze Age (Hittite cuneiform). The system consists of a combination of logophonetic, consonantal alphabetic and syllabic signs.
|
||||
|
||||
The original Sumerian script was adapted for the writing of the Akkadian, Eblaite, Elamite, Hittite, Luwian, Hattic, Hurrian, and Urartian languages, and it inspired the [BLOCK:ugaritic] and [BLOCK:old-persian] alphabets. Cuneiform writing was gradually replaced by the [BLOCK:phoenician Phoenician] alphabet during the Neo-Assyrian Empire. By the 2nd century C.E., the script had become extinct, and all knowledge of how to read it was lost until it began to be deciphered in the 19th century.
|
||||
|
||||
Between half a million and two million cuneiform tablets are estimated to have been excavated in modern times. However, only approximately 30,000 – 100,000 have been read or published. The British Museum holds the largest collection followed by the Vorderasiatisches Museum Berlin, the Louvre, the Istanbul Archaeology Museums, the National Museum of Iraq, the Yale Babylonian Collection and Penn Museum. Most of these have laid for centuries without being translated, studied or published, as there are only a few hundred qualified cuneiformists in the world.
|
||||
@ -1 +1,5 @@
|
||||
This is a Unicode block containing characters for representing unique monetary signs. Many currency signs can be found in other unicode blocks, especially when the [b][https://unicode-table.com/en/sets/currency-symbols/ currency symbols][/b] is unique to a country that uses a script not generally used outside that country.
|
||||
This is a Unicode block containing characters for representing unique monetary signs or currencies. Many currency signs can be found in other Unicode blocks, especially if a [b][URL /en/collections/currency-symbols/ currency symbol][/b] is not unique for a particular country.
|
||||
|
||||
The currency signs (or [SET:currency-symbols currency symbols]) are, first of all, [b]independent graphemes[/b], which appeared a long time ago and were built on the basis of separate [BLOCK:cyrillic cyrillic] letters or [BLOCK:basic-latin Latin letters]. Some of them were introduced in the XVII—XVIII centuries as a result of script evolution, since various currency names were shortened to simple marks and symbols. A great example is, for instance, the symbols oa dollar $ and pound £, plus the symbol of rouble, dating back to the XVII—XIX centuries. Another group of symbols was born at the end of the XX century - the beginning of the XXI century. The reason for that was the decision made by the government and authorities that ruled during that time. Such marks include euro €, Armenian dram ֏, Indian rupee ₹.
|
||||
|
||||
Every world currency has an assigned code, used on currency exchange markets, and a currency code symbol which is typically used when pricing goods in a store, or dishes in a restaurant for example. Some of them might be familiar - some less so. If you’re wondering which currency symbol you need, we have an idea for you: just explore this page and find the ones that interest you. It's especially important to distinguish between these signs if you are an intrepid traveller and love to visit different countries.
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1 +1,3 @@
|
||||
Cyrillic Extended-B is a Unicode block containing [BLOCK:cyrillic Cyrillic] characters for writing Old Cyrillic and Old Abkhazian, and combining numeric signs.
|
||||
The Old Slavic alphabet is the first Cyrillic alphabet of 46 letters. It was created presumably in the IX century for writing in the Old Slavic language. The same way its abc book was introduced too.
|
||||
|
||||
The Cyrillic script goes back to the Greek charter script, with the addition of letters to convey sounds that were absent in the Greek language. Since its creation, the Cyrillic script has adapted to language changes. As a result of numerous reforms, it has acquired its own differences in each language. Different versions of the Cyrillic script can be found in Eastern Europe, as well as Central and Northern Asia. As an official script, it was first adopted in the First Bulgarian Kingdom.
|
||||
1
loc/en/blocks/cyrillic-extended-c.axyml
Normal file
1
loc/en/blocks/cyrillic-extended-c.axyml
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1 @@
|
||||
This set represents additional letters included in the earliest [block:cyrillic cyrillic alphabet] — Old Slavic. It was created in the first Bulgarian kingdom in the 9th century and it contained 48 letters. Later it was used for the Church Slavonic language.
|
||||
3
loc/en/blocks/cyrillic-extended.axyml
Normal file
3
loc/en/blocks/cyrillic-extended.axyml
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
|
||||
This block contains cyrillic letters - titlo letters. They are used in the Church Slavonic script for denoting abbreviations (or shortenings). We, ordinary people, write "by the way" like btw. The priests shorten words like this too. When it's easy to guess which letters are omitted, a titlo sign is used: [U:0483]. If the meaning is not obvious — a special titlo is written above the word, and this titlo contains the missing letters. Also there's usually a sign called "pokrytie" (lit. "a cover") [U:0487] above the word.
|
||||
|
||||
The old handwritings in Church Slavonic contain superscript titlos that form ligatures and digraphs. Above them, apart from the pokrytie, you can find such signs as vzmet [U:A66F] or titlo.
|
||||
@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
|
||||
Cyrillic is a Unicode block containing the characters used to write the most widely used languages with a Cyrillic orthography. The core of the block is based on the ISO 8859-5 standard, with additions for minority languages and historic orthographies.
|
||||
Cyrillic is a Unicode block containing the characters used to write the widely used languages with a Cyrillic orthography. The core of the block is based on the ISO 8859-5 standard, with additions for minority languages and historic orthographies.
|
||||
|
||||
The Cyrillic script /sɨˈrɪlɪk/ is an alphabetic writing system employed across Eastern Europe, North and Central Asian countries. It is based on the Early Cyrillic, which was developed in the First Bulgarian Empire during the 9th century AD at the Preslav Literary School. It is the basis of alphabets used in various languages, past and present, in parts of Southeastern Europe and Northern Eurasia, especially those of Slavic origin, and non-Slavic languages influenced by Russian. As of 2011, around 252 million people in Eurasia use it as the official alphabet for their national languages. About half of them are in Russia. Thus, Cyrillic is one of the most used writing systems in the world.
|
||||
|
||||
The Cyrillic script /sɨˈrɪlɪk/ is an alphabetic writing system employed across Eastern Europe, North and Central Asian countries. It is based on the Early Cyrillic, which was developed in the First Bulgarian Empire during the 9th century AD at the Preslav Literary School. It is the basis of alphabets used in various languages, past and present, in parts of Southeastern Europe and Northern Eurasia, especially those of Slavic origin, and non-Slavic languages influenced by Russian. As of 2011, around 252 million people in Eurasia use it as the official alphabet for their national languages. About half of them are in Russia. Cyrillic is one of the most used writing systems in the world.
|
||||
Cyrillic is derived from the [BLOCK:greek-coptic Greek] uncial script, augmented by letters from the older [BLOCK:glagolitic Glagolitic alphabet], including some ligatures. These additional letters were used for [BLOCK:cyrillic-extended-a Old Church Slavonic] sounds not found in Greek. The script is named in honor of the two Byzantine brothers, Saints Cyril and Methodius, who created the Glagolitic alphabet earlier on. Modern scholars believe that Cyrillic was developed and formalized by early disciples of Cyril and Methodius.
|
||||
|
||||
With the accession of Bulgaria to the European Union on 1 January 2007, Cyrillic became the third official script of the European Union, following the Latin and Greek scripts.
|
||||
@ -1,3 +1,9 @@
|
||||
The Deseret alphabet (/dɛz.əˈrɛt./) is a phonemic English spelling reform developed in the mid-19th century by the board of regents of the University of Deseret (later the University of Utah) under the direction of Brigham Young, second president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.
|
||||
In public statements, Young claimed the alphabet was intended to replace the traditional [BLOCK:basic-latin Latin alphabet] with an alternative, more phonetically accurate alphabet for the English language. This would offer immigrants an opportunity to learn to read and write English, he said, the orthography of which is often less phonetically consistent than those of many other languages. Similar experiments were not uncommon during the period, the most well-known of which is the Shavian alphabet.
|
||||
Young also prescribed the learning of Deseret to the school system, stating "It will be the means of introducing uniformity in our orthography, and the years that are now required to learn to read and spell can be devoted to other studies".
|
||||
|
||||
In public statements, Young claimed the alphabet was intended to replace the traditional [BLOCK:basic-latin Latin alphabet] with an alternative, more phonetically accurate alphabet for the English language. This would offer immigrants an opportunity to learn to read and write English, he said, the orthography of which is often less phonetically consistent than those of many other languages. Similar experiments were not uncommon during the period, the most well-known of which is the [BLOCK:shavian Shavian alphabet]. Young was the one who prescribed the learning of Deseret to the school system, stating "It will be the means of introducing uniformity in our orthography, and the years that are now required to learn to read and spell can be devoted to other studies".
|
||||
|
||||
[b]What happened after? The alphabet became a failure.[b] Although some books were printed with the new letters, the alphabet never survived. However, I do enjoy a couple of their symbols. If you are as creative as I am, you will like them too:
|
||||
|
||||
[U:10424] - lightning bolt-shaped scar from Harry Potter
|
||||
[U:1041D] - dancing snowman
|
||||
[U:10426] - snake with a cross
|
||||
@ -1 +1,3 @@
|
||||
Devanagari Extended is a Unicode block containing cantilation marks for writing the Samaveda, and nasalization marks for the [BLOCK:devanagari Devanagari script].
|
||||
Devanagari Extended is a Unicode block containing cantillation marks for writing the Samaveda, and nasalization marks for the [BLOCK:devanagari Devanagari script].
|
||||
|
||||
[BLOCK:devanagari Devanagari] is literally translated as divine urban script. It's a type of the Indian script called Nagari, which comes from the Old Indian script called [BLOCK:brahmi Brahmi]. It was created between the VIII and XII centuries. It's applied in various Indian languages and dialects, such as Hindu. The distinctive feature of Devanagari is that the script has an upper horizontal line, which serves as a base for the letters dangling from it.
|
||||
@ -1 +1,5 @@
|
||||
A dingbat is an ornament, character, or spacer used in typesetting, sometimes more formally known as a printer's ornament or printer's character often employed for the creation of box frames. The term continues to be used in the computer industry to describe fonts that have symbols and shapes in the positions designated for alphabetical or numeric characters.
|
||||
A dingbat is an ornament, character, or spacer used in typesetting. Sometimes it's more formally known as a printer's ornament or printer's character often employed for the creation of box frames. The term was later applied to the computer industry for describing fonts that have symbols and shapes in the positions designated for alphabetical or numeric characters.
|
||||
|
||||
In 1977 the German typographer Hermann Zapf created more than a thousand drafts for glyphs. Needless to say, 360 of them were confirmed by ITC - International Typeface Corporation. That's how we got the font "Zapf dingbats". It was divided in three sections: series 100, 200, and 300. This Unicode block in particular presents Zapf dingbats 100.
|
||||
|
||||
Among various arrows, stars and crosses, you will find snowflakes, cards, digits, and even some emojis. I personally adore the variety of scissors that this block offers ✂ ✀ ✃
|
||||
5
loc/en/blocks/dives-akuru.axyml
Normal file
5
loc/en/blocks/dives-akuru.axyml
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
|
||||
The following script was used on the Maldivian Islands from the early middle centuries till the 20th century for writing in the local Dhivehi language. Dives Akuru is translated as 'island letters'. The script was called so by Harry Charles Pervis Bell. He was the British Commissioner of Archeology in Ceylon. After having retired, he studied the culture and history of Maldives and wrote a huge monograph on that.
|
||||
|
||||
Dives Akuru has been known since the 9th century, but before the 14th, the writing was a bit different. The early font was called Evēla Akuru ('ancient letters'). In the 19th century, Dives Akuru was dominated by the [BLOCK:thana Thana script]. However, today you can still see it on tombstones, architectural monuments, and in old books.
|
||||
|
||||
The parent script for Dives Akuru is [BLOCK:granta Granta], which is a descendant of Brahmi. Like all relative systems, Dives Akuru is an abugida. It is written from left to right and it has a default vowel sound in the syllable and a special character for this vowel neutralisation.
|
||||
7
loc/en/blocks/dogra.axyml
Normal file
7
loc/en/blocks/dogra.axyml
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
|
||||
The Dogra script is used for writing in the language of an ethnic group named Dogra. This Indo-Aryan language is spoken in the north of India, particularly on the territories of Jammu and Kashmir.
|
||||
|
||||
Dogra was standardised in 1860. Before that another alphabet was in use. It was called [block:takri Takri] and it resembled Dogra a lot. Nowadays the most popular script is [block:devanagari Devanagari], however Dogra is still applied. You can see the traces of it in typography and documents. Plus, the bank notes have an alphabet called "New Dogra Script" ("Name Dogra Akkar"). Thus, unofficial inscriptions are made with the old Dogra. As for Unicode, it displays the new font.
|
||||
|
||||
This script is a descendant of Brahmi, and it's also abugida. A syllable contains one vowel by default. In order to delete it, you can use a virama. The writing goes from left to right.
|
||||
|
||||
Punctuation includes an abbreviation character and some characters used for ending sentences and paragraphs — danda and double danda. The numbers are not encoded at all, since the old ones are similar to the Takri numbers, and the new ones are similar to Devanagari.
|
||||
@ -1 +1,5 @@
|
||||
The Duployan shorthand, or Duployan stenography (French: Sténographie Duployé), was created by father Émile Duployé(fr) in 1860 for writing French. Since then, it has been expanded and adapted for writing English, German, Spanish, Romanian, and Chinook Jargon. The Duployan stenography is classified as a geometric, alphabetic, stenography and is written left-to-right in connected stenographic style. The Duployan shorthands, including Chinook writing, Pernin's Universal Phonography, Perrault's English Shorthand, the Sloan-Duployan Modern Shorthand, and Romanian stenography, were included as a single script in version 7.0 of the Unicode Standard / ISO 10646.
|
||||
The Duployan shorthand, or Duployan stenography (French: Sténographie Duployé), was created by father Émile Duployé(fr) in 1860 for writing French. The system got widespread thanks to the Institut Sténographique Des Deux Mondes in Paris. In addition, Duployé was the one who started the overall "Bibliothèque Sténographique" published by this Institute.
|
||||
|
||||
Since then, it has been expanded and adapted for writing English, German, Spanish, Romanian, and Chinook Jargon. In France itself, up to thirty newspapers in publication use the Duployan system.
|
||||
|
||||
The Duployan stenography is classified as a geometric, alphabetic, stenography and is written left-to-right in connected stenographic style. The Duployan shorthands, including Chinook writing, Pernin's Universal Phonography, Perrault's English Shorthand, the Sloan-Duployan Modern Shorthand, and Romanian stenography, were included as a single script in version 7.0 of the Unicode Standard / ISO 10646.
|
||||
3
loc/en/blocks/early-dynastic-cuneiform.axyml
Normal file
3
loc/en/blocks/early-dynastic-cuneiform.axyml
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
|
||||
This block continues the [block:cuneiform Cuneiform] symbols. It includes symbols related to the early Dynastic period in Mesopotamia, 2900-2335 BC. The samples of this writing were found in the south of Iraq. The manuscripts represented administrative, accounting, legal and literary texts.
|
||||
|
||||
The main document was a dictionary written by a German sumerologist, whose name was Anton Deimel. The book was written in Latin, called "Textus cuneiformes in usum scholae", and published in 1922.
|
||||
1
loc/en/blocks/egyptian-hieroglyph-format-controls.axyml
Normal file
1
loc/en/blocks/egyptian-hieroglyph-format-controls.axyml
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1 @@
|
||||
Egyptian ideograms may have more than one element. The section [block:egyptian-hieroglyphs Egyptian-hieroglyphs] presents glyphs separately. In order to make a full ideogram, you can use editing symbols from this block. They define the way in which elements are located towards each other in a square. For example, in order to create a cowboy, let's take a man's figure [U:13002], add a horse [U:130D7] down via U+13430, and spruce it up with feathers [U:13183] above to the right via U+13434. Segment restrictions allow to unite elements in groups and put them together.
|
||||
@ -1,5 +1,11 @@
|
||||
The native writing systems of Ancient Egypt used to record the Egyptian language include both the Egyptian hieroglyphics and Hieratic from Protodynastic times, the 13th century BC cursive variants of the hieroglyphs which became popular, then the latest Demotic script developed from Hieratic, from 3500 BC onward.
|
||||
Here we have some examples of the native writing systems of Ancient Egypt. The Egyptian language includes both the Egyptian hieroglyphics and Hieratic from Protodynastic times, and the 13th century BC cursive variants of the hieroglyphs which became popular.
|
||||
|
||||
Most remaining texts in the Egyptian language are primarily written in the hieroglyphic script. However, in antiquity, the majority of texts were written on perishable papyrus in hieratic and (later) demotic, which are now lost. There was also a form of cursive hieroglyphic script used for religious documents on papyrus, such as the multi-authored Books of the Dead in the Ramesside Period; this script was closer to the stone-carved hieroglyphs, but was not as cursive as hieratic, lacking the wide use of ligatures. Additionally, there was a variety of stone-cut hieratic known as lapidary hieratic. In the language's final stage of development, the [BLOCK:coptic] alphabet replaced the older writing system. The native name for Egyptian hieroglyphic writing is "writing of the words of god." Hieroglyphs are employed in two ways in Egyptian texts: as ideograms that represent the idea depicted by the pictures; and more commonly as phonograms denoting their phonetic value.
|
||||
Most remaining texts in the Egyptian language are primarily written in the hieroglyphic script. However, in antiquity, the majority of texts were written on perishable papyrus in hieratic and (later) demotic, which are now lost.
|
||||
|
||||
For example, the hieroglyph representing the biliteral pr is typically used as an ideogram to denote the word 'house'. In addition, the same glyph is used as a phonogram to write the word pr(y) 'to go out' due to the similarity in pronunciation. To leave no doubt as to which word is actually meant, a vertical stroke is drawn underneath the glyph to mean 'house', whereas a pair of walking legs is added next to the same glyph to clarify that pr(y) 'go out' is meant instead. To further clarify the pronunciation, the hieroglyph for mouth (ro) is typically added in between the house and the walking legs, so that the whole combination encodes the word pr(y) like this: "Word that sounds like a word for house which ends in an r and is related to walking => to go out". Hieroglyphic writing is thus an intricate mixture of phonetic and semantic components.
|
||||
There was also a form of cursive hieroglyphic script used for religious documents on papyrus, such as the multi-authored Books of the Dead in the Ramesside Period; this script was closer to the stone-carved hieroglyphs, but was not as cursive as hieratic, lacking the wide use of ligatures. Besides, there was a variety of stone-cut hieratic known as lapidary hieratic.
|
||||
|
||||
In the language's final stage of development, the [BLOCK:coptic Coptic] alphabet replaced the older writing system. The native name for Egyptian hieroglyphic writing is "writing of the words of god." Hieroglyphs are employed in two ways in Egyptian texts: as ideograms that represent the idea depicted by the pictures; and more commonly as phonograms denoting their phonetic value.
|
||||
|
||||
For example, the hieroglyph representing the biliteral [i]pr[/i] is typically used as an ideogram to denote the word 'house'. The same glyph is used as a phonogram to write the word [i]pr(y)[/i], meaning 'to go out'. The pronunciation is similar though. So how do we differentiate between these words?
|
||||
|
||||
To leave no doubt as to which word is actually meant, a vertical stroke or a pair of legs are drawn underneath the glyph. To further clarify the pronunciation, the hieroglyph for mouth [i]ro[/i] is typically added in between the house and the walking legs. Therefore, hieroglyphic writing is an intricate mixture of phonetic and semantic components.
|
||||
@ -1,3 +1,10 @@
|
||||
The Elbasan script is a mid 18th-century alphabetic script used for the Albanian language. It was named after the city of Elbasan where it was invented. It was mainly used in the area of Elbasan and Berat.
|
||||
The primary document associated with the alphabet is the Elbasan Gospel Manuscript, known in Albanian as the Anonimi i Elbasanit (The Anonymous of Elbasan). The document was created at St. Jovan Vladimir's Church in central Albania, but is preserved today at the National Archives of Albania in Tirana. Its 59 pages contain Biblical content written in an alphabet of 40 letters.
|
||||
Another original script used for Albanian, was Beitha Kukju's script of the 19th century. This script did not have much influence either.
|
||||
|
||||
Here are some exciting facts about the Elbasan alphabet:
|
||||
|
||||
[*] The primary document associated with the alphabet is the Elbasan Gospel Manuscript, known in Albanian as "The Anonymous of Elbasan". The document was created at St. Jovan Vladimir's Church in central Albania. Today it is preserved at the National Archives of Albania in Tirana. Its 59 pages contain Biblical content written in an alphabet of 40 letters.
|
||||
[*] The appearance of the symbols was likely based on the [BLOCK:greek-coptic Greek letters].
|
||||
[*] The author of the script is Theodhor Haxhifilipi (1730-1806)
|
||||
[*] Beitha Kukju was the Elbasan's closest neighbour (locally)
|
||||
|
||||
Actually, David Diringer points out that Elbasan and other alphabets could be created in order to hide the local texts from the Turkish government; thus, such scripts performed the encoding function.
|
||||
|
||||
5
loc/en/blocks/elymaic.axyml
Normal file
5
loc/en/blocks/elymaic.axyml
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
|
||||
After a series of military defeats under the rule of Alexander the Great, the Persian Empire temporarily ceased to exist. Its territory became the orgigin of some relatively independent states which started to appear there. One of them was Elimaida, located in the southwest of modern Iran, on the shores of the Persian Gulf. It is clear what language the locals spoke, but archaeologists found inscriptions in Aramaic written in a script similar to Aramaic. This alphabet was called the Elymaic alphabet and it's encoded in Unicode.
|
||||
|
||||
Elymaic script is consonant-driven. The direction of writing goes from right to left. The letters are encoded as non-connecting (not italic), although in some sources they touch or overlap. The names of the symbols are taken from the Aramaic script, since the original ones are unknown.
|
||||
|
||||
Punctuation marks are not applied, except for the usual space between words. It also doesn't have any proper characters for numbers.
|
||||
11
loc/en/blocks/emoticons.axyml
Normal file
11
loc/en/blocks/emoticons.axyml
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
|
||||
Emoticons (if you didn't know, an emoticon = emotion + icon, like, literally; for me it was new information) represent small images or icons which depict various emotions. Emoticons appeared as sequences of ASCII symbols for expressing joy :-) или sadness :-(.
|
||||
|
||||
As a consequence, more complicated smiles had appeared. This emoticon ([HTML "])(-_-)([HTML "]) illustrates a face with their arms raised.
|
||||
|
||||
Time passed, and such sequences started to be replaced by images. In addition, there appeared ways to enter such pics by clicking on the icon in the menu section or pasting it from the clipboard.
|
||||
|
||||
The first people to implement these cute schemes were Japanese mobile operators. The majority of the symbols for this block were taken from their sets. In Unicode you can see that such emoticons are also divided in the following sets: [URL /en/collections/faces/ human faces], [URL /en/collections/cats/ cat's faces] and icons with [URL /en/collections/hands/ hand gestures].
|
||||
|
||||
More emoticons are encoded in the sections [block:miscellaneous-symbols Miscellaneous symbols] and [block:supplemental-symbols-and-pictographs Supplemental-symbols-and-pictographs].
|
||||
|
||||
Since you've read this description till this point, I'm going to [b]share a secret with you[/b]. So far, people haven't quite figured out, what is an [b]emoticon[/b] and what is an [b]emoji[/b]. Even I, the expert of the Emoji Studies, a person with a PhD in Cats and Dogs' faces semantics, even I haven't deciphered yet, what is the key difference between an emoticon and an emoji. I'll tell you what: whenever you see a printed version of a smile like this :), callit an emoticon. If there is a complete image/icon/picture like this 😛 - congrats, it's an emoji. You can copy it from this block, by the way.
|
||||
@ -1 +1,3 @@
|
||||
Enclosed alphanumerics is a Unicode block of typographical symbols of an alphanumeric within a circle, a bracket or other not-closed enclosure, or ending in a full stop. There is another block for these characters (U+1F100—U+1F1FF), encoded in the Supplementary Multilingual Plane,[3] which contains the set of Regional Indicator Symbols as of Unicode 6.0.
|
||||
Enclosed alphanumerics is a Unicode block of typographical symbols of an alphanumeric within a circle, a bracket or other not-closed enclosure, or ending in a full stop. There is another block for these characters (U+1F100—U+1F1FF), encoded in the Supplementary Multilingual Plane,[3] which contains the set of Regional Indicator Symbols as of Unicode 6.0.
|
||||
|
||||
[b]What can we use these symbols for?[/b] First, to decorate our nicknames and bios on social media. I have noticed that if you use an original or extraordinary font, there is more chance that people will pay attention to you and start following your page. Secondly, the Latin letters in the parentheses serve perfectly for mathematics. Impress your teacher - use them in your new rule or formula presentation! And finally, I love this symbol of zero [U:24FF] ⓿ on the black background. Send it to your parents when they ask how much money you have earned this month.
|
||||
@ -1 +1,9 @@
|
||||
Enclosed CJK Letters and Months is a Unicode block containing circled and parenthesized [BLOCK:katakana Katakana], [BLOCK:hangul-syllables Hangul], and [BLOCK:cjk-unified-ideographs CJK ideographs]. During the unification with ISO 10646 for version 1.1, the Japanese Industrial Standard Symbol was reassigned from the code point U+32FF at the end of the block to U+3004. Also included in the block are miscellaneous glyphs that would more likely fit in [BLOCK:cjk-compatibility CJK Compatibility] or [BLOCK:enclosed-alphanumerics Enclosed Alphanumerics]: a few unit abbreviations, circled numbers from 21 to 50, and circled multiples of 10 from 10 to 80 enclosed in black squares (representing speed limit signs).
|
||||
Enclosed CJK Letters and Months is a Unicode block containing circled and parenthesized [BLOCK:katakana Katakana], [BLOCK:hangul-syllables Hangul], and [BLOCK:cjk-unified-ideographs CJK ideographs]. During the unification with ISO 10646 for version 1.1, the Japanese Industrial Standard Symbol was reassigned from the code point U+32FF at the end of the block to U+3004. Also included in the block are miscellaneous glyphs that would more likely fit in [BLOCK:cjk-compatibility CJK Compatibility] or [BLOCK:enclosed-alphanumerics Enclosed Alphanumerics]: a few unit abbreviations, circled numbers from 21 to 50, and circled multiples of 10 from 10 to 80 enclosed in black squares (representing speed limit signs).
|
||||
|
||||
This block specialises on the CJK symbols which are written inside a circle, in other words, enclosed.
|
||||
|
||||
Going back to the basics, [b]what is CJK?[/b] In the context of internationalisation, it is [b]a collective term for the Chinese, Japanese, and Korean languages, which include Chinese characters[/b].
|
||||
|
||||
The age of the Chinese script is constantly under clarification. In 1962 during the archeological digging of the Neolithic settlement of Jiahu on the Yellow River, there was made a discovery about the inscriptions on turtle shells resembling the ancient Chinese hieroglyphs. The pictograms date back to the VI millennium BC, which is even older than Sumerian writing. Previously, a well-known researcher of Chinese writing, Tang Lan, suggested that [b]Chinese hieroglyphics originated 4-5 millennia ago[/b]. In a nutshell, there is plenty of information to research.
|
||||
|
||||
As you might know, Chinese writing tends to be called [b]hieroglyphic and ideographic[/b]. It is radically different from the alphabetic one in terms of characters, as each character is assigned a particular meaning, not only phonetic, but semiotic too. The number of such characters is huge and it may account up to 10 000 and more! That's why studying Chinese may be challenging for those who have only encountered European languages. I once attended a workshop on Chinese for beginners. The teacher told us that to learn Chinese, [i]"you have to reshape your way of thinking"[/i] in order to comprehend the concepts. Sounds impressive, right? So if you decide to study it too, you know where to find the characters. This block offers a huge variety of them and comes in handy, if you don't plan to change your keyboard. Just copy these symbols and paste wherever you need to.
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1 +1,8 @@
|
||||
[BLOCK:ethiopic Ethiopic] Extended-A is a Unicode block containing Ge'ez characters for the Gamo-Gofa-Dawro, Basketo, and Gumuz languages of Ethiopia.
|
||||
[BLOCK:ethiopic Ethiopic] Extended-A is a Unicode block containing Ge'ez characters for the Gamo-Gofa-Dawro, Basketo, and Gumuz languages of Ethiopia.
|
||||
[BLOCK:ethiopic The Ethiopic script] (Ge'ez alphabet ግዕዝ) is an abugida (consonant-syllabic writing), originally developed to write the Ancient Ethiopian language Ge'ez in the state of Aksum. The languages that use Ethiopic call it Fidäl (ፊደል), which is literally translated as 'script' or 'alphabet'.
|
||||
|
||||
[b]Is the Ethiopian language the only one that applied the Ethiopic script? Not really.[/b] Ethiopic was also adapted for writing other languages. As a rule, they belonged to the Ethiopian Semitic group. The most widespread one - Amharic in Ethiopia and Tigrinya in Eritrea and Ethiopia. Apart from that, it is used for some of the Gurage languages, as well as Meken and many other languages of Ethiopia. In Eritrea, it is traditionally applied for the Kushite language Bilin. However, some languages had to move on from Ethiopic. For example, Oromo, which belongs to the African horn branch, but had to switch from Ethiopic to [BLOCK:basic-latin Latin].
|
||||
|
||||
In 1956 Sheikh Bakri Sapalo, an Oromo scholar, poet and religious teacher, invented of a writing system for the Oromo language. The syllabus was pretty similar to Ethiopian. However, the basic characters were developed later on their own.
|
||||
|
||||
In order to indicate sounds, this article uses a special system. It is common among linguists who study the Ethiopian languages, but it deviates from the [BLOCK:ipa-extensions International Phonetic Alphabet].
|
||||
@ -1 +1,9 @@
|
||||
[BLOCK:ethiopic Ethiopic] Extended is a Unicode block containing Ge'ez characters for the Me'en, Blin, and Sebatbeit languages.
|
||||
[BLOCK:ethiopic Ethiopic] Extended is a Unicode block containing Ge'ez characters for the Me'en, Blin, and Sebatbeit languages.
|
||||
|
||||
The Ethiopic script is an [b]abugida (consonant-syllable alphabet)[/b], primarily designed for writing the Old Ethiopic language called Ge'ez of the country Aksum. The languages using the Ethiopic script call it Fidäl (ፊደል), which is literally translated as a script or alphabet.
|
||||
|
||||
It was indeed adopted for writing other languages too. As a rule, ethiosemit. The most widespread one is Amharic in Ethiopia and Tigrinya in Eritrea and Ethiopia. It is also used for some of the Gurage languages, as well as Meken and many other languages of Ethiopia. In Eritrea, it is used for Tigre, and traditionally for the Kushite language called Bilin. Some other Horn of Africa languages, such as Oromo, previously also used the Ethiopian script, but switched to alphabets based on [BLOCK:basic-latin Latin].
|
||||
|
||||
In 1956 an Oromo poet Sheikh Bakri Sapalo creates a syllabus, the structure of which is close to Ethiopian. The basic symbols were designed later.
|
||||
|
||||
In this article you will find a special system for marking the sounds, which is quite popular among linguists, who explore Ethiopian languages. It's a bit different from the universal [BLOCK:ipa-extensions International Phonetic Alphabet].
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
|
||||
Ethiopic is a Unicode block containing characters for writing the Ge'ez, Tigrinya, Amharic, Tigre, and Oromo languages.
|
||||
Ge'ez (ግዕዝ Gəʿəz), (also known as Ethiopic) is a script used as an abugida (syllable alphabet) for several languages of Ethiopia and Eritrea. It originated as an abjad (consonant-only alphabet) and was first used to write Ge'ez, now the liturgical language of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church and the Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church. In Amharic and Tigrinya, the script is often called fidäl (ፊደል), meaning "script" or "alphabet".
|
||||
The Ge'ez script has been adapted to write other, mostly Semitic, languages, particularly Amharic in Ethiopia, and Tigrinya in both Eritrea and Ethiopia. It is also used for Sebatbeit, Me'en, and most other languages of Ethiopia. In Eritrea it is used for Tigre, and it has traditionally been used for Blin, a Cushitic language. Tigre, spoken in western and northern Eritrea, is considered to resemble Ge'ez more than do the other derivative languages. Some other languages in the Horn of Africa, such as Oromo, used to be written using Ge'ez, but have migrated to Latin-based orthographies.
|
||||
For the representation of sounds, this article uses a system that is common (though not universal) among linguists who work on Ethiopian Semitic languages. This differs somewhat from the conventions of the [BLOCK:ipa-extensions International Phonetic Alphabet].
|
||||
The Ethiopian script (Ge'ez alphabet — ግዕዝ) is an abugida (consonant-syllabic script) originally developed to register the ancient Ethiopian language called Geez in the state of Aksum. The languages that use the Ethiopian script have it go by the name of Fidäl (ፊደል), which means 'writing' or 'alphabet'.
|
||||
|
||||
The Ethiopian script continues to be very convenient for writing other languages too. The most common is Amharic and Tigrinya from Eritrea and Ethiopia. It is also used for some of the 'Gurage' languages, as well as Meken and many other Ethiopian languages. Eritrea employs it for Tigre and traditionally for the Kush language called Bilin. But they were not the only ones to use the Ethiopian script. For example, it can also be found in some other Horn of Africa languages, like Oromo. However, in Oromo they switched to alphabets based on [BLOCK:basic-latin Latin].
|
||||
|
||||
In 1956 there lived a man who contributed a lot to the development of the Ethiopian alphabet. His name was Sheikh Bakri Sapalo, he was a scholar, poet, and religious teacher. He invented a sillabarium (writing system), which resembled the Ethiopian in structure. Its basic characters served as the basis for the Oromo language.
|
||||
@ -1 +1,5 @@
|
||||
Geometric Shapes is a Unicode block of 96 symbols at codepoint range U+25A0-25FF.
|
||||
Geometric Shapes is a Unicode block that consists of 96 symbols referring to geometry at codepoint range U+25A0-25FF. Squares, triangles, rectangles, pointing left, right, up, down; transparent or painted shapes, striped or chequered ▦. It's absolutely up to you in what contexts to apply them.
|
||||
|
||||
For example, some look like buttons on a keyboard [U:25AA] or road signs showing direction [U:25BB]. My favourite is this square [U:25AE], because it looks smooth and serene. Perfect for copying and pasting on social media!
|
||||
|
||||
Seriously speaking, geometric shapes come in handy if you specialise in [b]art, design, or engineering[/b]. They are basically figures which represent the forms of different life objects. Some figures are two-dimensional, whereas some are three-dimensional shapes. In our case, we're talking about two-dimensional, of course. Although, this quarter-eaten pie on a plate [U:25F4] seems pretty three-dimensional to me.
|
||||
1
loc/en/blocks/georgian-extended.axyml
Normal file
1
loc/en/blocks/georgian-extended.axyml
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1 @@
|
||||
[block:georgian Georgian script Mkhedruli] doesn't have capital letters. The sentences in Mkhedruli usually start with the lowercase. The capital variants of the Georgian letters make up a separate font Mtavruli, which you can see in this Unicode block. It is used to write text in uppercase or highlight an important word.
|
||||
@ -1 +1,5 @@
|
||||
Georgian Supplement is a Unicode block containing characters for the ecclesiastical form of the Georgian script, Nuskhuri. To write the full ecclesiastical Khutsuri orthography, the Asomtavruli capitals encoded in the [BLOCK:georgian] block.
|
||||
Georgian Supplement is a Unicode block containing characters for the ecclesiastical form of the Georgian script, Nuskhuri. To write the full ecclesiastical Khutsuri orthography, use the Asomtavruli capitals encoded in the [BLOCK:georgian] block.
|
||||
|
||||
It's important to mention that Georgian is an alphabetic script, applied in several Kartvelian languages. First of all, it's Georgian itself, plus, [b]sometimes Megrelian, Svan[/b] and other. It's read from left to right. The modern Georgian alphabet consists of 33 letters; it doesn't possess any capital letters, but in some situations (when there's a title, for example), the whole word may be written without upper or lower change in position, as if between two parallel lines. Such type of writing serves as an analogue to the little letters in other alphabets.
|
||||
|
||||
In 1938—1954 the Georgian alphabet adopted more symbols and started to be used for Abkhaz and Ossetian (in South Ossetia) languages.
|
||||
7
loc/en/blocks/glagolitic-supplement.axyml
Normal file
7
loc/en/blocks/glagolitic-supplement.axyml
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
|
||||
Glagolitic Supplement Symbols are a set of characters used to extend the Glagolitic alphabet, which was used to write Old Church Slavonic, the liturgical language of the Orthodox Slavic peoples. The Glagolitic script was developed in the 9th century by two Byzantine brothers, Saints Cyril and Methodius, who were sent by the Byzantine Emperor to evangelize the Slavic peoples. It is used along with [BLOCK:old-cyrillic Old Cyrillic].
|
||||
|
||||
The Glagolitic script was widely spread in Eastern Europe until the 16th century, when it was gradually replaced by the Cyrillic script. However, it continued to be used in some parts of Croatia and Slovenia for several more centuries.
|
||||
|
||||
The Glagolitic Supplement Symbols were added to the Unicode Standard in 2008 as part of the Unicode 5.1 release. They consist of 4 characters: two combining marks and two precomposed characters. The combining marks are used to indicate tone and stress in Old Church Slavonic text, while the precomposed characters are used to represent abbreviations for common words and phrases.
|
||||
|
||||
Despite the declining use of the Glagolitic script, there is still interest in its history and cultural significance. The Glagolitic Supplement Symbols help to preserve this important part of Slavic cultural heritage for future generations.
|
||||
@ -1,2 +1,7 @@
|
||||
Glagolitic is a Unicode block containing the characters invented by Saint Cyril for translating scripture into Slavonic. The Glagolitic script is the precursor of [BLOCK:cyrillic].
|
||||
The Glagolitic alphabet /ˌɡlæɡɵˈlɪtɨk/, also known as Glagolitsa, is the oldest known Slavic alphabet, from the 9th century.
|
||||
Glagolitic is a Unicode block containing the characters invented by Saint Cyril for translating scripture into Slavonic. The Glagolitic script is the precursor of [BLOCK:cyrillic]. The Glagolitic alphabet /ˌɡlæɡɵˈlɪtɨk/, also known as Glagolitsa, is the oldest known Slavic alphabet, from the 9th century.
|
||||
|
||||
Glagolitic is one of the Slavic alphabets. It's believed that Glagolitic was created by the Slavic enlightener and philosopher Saint Cyril for writing church texts in the Old Church Slavonic language. The literary work about Cyril's life emphasizes that the Slavic alphabet was essential for conveying God's service. Therefore, all church books were also translated into Old Church Slavonic.
|
||||
|
||||
A lot of factors and evidence suggest that the Glagolitic alphabet was created much before the [BLOCK:cyrillic Cyrillic]. Consequently, Cyrillic was based on the Glagolitic and the [BLOCK:greek-coptic Greek alphabet]. The oldest inscription, which was made in a Bulgarian church and survived throughout times, refers exactly to 893. In addition, the oldest manuscripts, dated back to the X century, were written in a more archaic language, which was phonetically close to the language of the Southern Slavs.
|
||||
|
||||
[b]Do you really need to learn these letters to speak Russian?[/b] Of course not. They are for the lovers of Russian history and culture, who are fond of reading old books and documents. For example, students of Russian philology tend to have the subject, which requires studying Old Church Slavonic in order to understand the modern language better. Even professionals don't learn it perfectly. Therefore, you can relax. But if you want to impress your friends, you can copy these symbols and send or post them on social media.
|
||||
@ -1,2 +1,3 @@
|
||||
The Gothic alphabet is an alphabet for writing the Gothic language, created in the 4th century by Ulfilas (or Wulfila) for the purpose of translating the Bible.
|
||||
|
||||
The alphabet is essentially an uncial form of the [BLOCK:greek-coptic Greek alphabet], with a few additional letters to account for Gothic phonology: Latin F, two Runic letters to distinguish the /j/ and /w/ glides from vocalic /i/ and /u/, and the letter ƕair to express the Gothic labiovelar. It is completely different from the 'Gothic script' of the Middle Ages, a script used to write the [BLOCK:basic-latin Latin alphabet].
|
||||
12
loc/en/blocks/gunjala-gondi.axyml
Normal file
12
loc/en/blocks/gunjala-gondi.axyml
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
|
||||
A village of Gunjala is located in Adilabad District in Telangana state, India. Approximately ten manuscripts were found there, containing the language of the local Gonda people. That's how the name of this script was invented: they called it gunjala (for the language) Gondi.
|
||||
|
||||
The manuscripts were studied by a group of scholars from the Central University of Hyderabad. They were working under the guidance of Professor Jayadir Tirumal Rao. In 2013 the team found four people who were able to read the Gunjala script. A year later, a preliminary font was created for the characters. In November 2015 Unicode received a proposal to add the script to the system, and in 2018 it was successfully implemented.
|
||||
|
||||
Nowadays, thanks to the assistance of the authorities, Gunjala script is studied at universities. The plan is to spread such a practice at schools in several other villages.
|
||||
|
||||
Gunjala gondi is a Brahmi-based abugida. It is believed to not be related to [block:devanagari Masaram Gondi], but it is very similar to [block:modi Modi]. However, there are a number of interesting differences from similar Indian alphabets. For example:
|
||||
|
||||
[*] the first consonant or syllable in the alphabet is /ja/, not /k/;
|
||||
[*] virama is used, but it doesn't neutralise the vowel in a syllable.
|
||||
|
||||
The Gunjala script includes European punctuation marks, except for the single and double danda from Devanagari. Besides, it has original characters for decimals.
|
||||
@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
|
||||
Gurmukhi is a Unicode block containing characters for the Punjabi language, as it is written in India. In its original incarnation, the code points U+0A02..U+0A4C were a direct copy of the [https://unicode-table.com/en/alphabets/gurmukhi/ Gurmukhi] characters A2-EC from the 1988 ISCII standard. The [BLOCK:devanagari], [BLOCK:bengali], [BLOCK:gujarati], [BLOCK:oriya], [BLOCK:tamil], [BLOCK:telugu], [BLOCK:kannada], and [BLOCK:malayalam] blocks were similarly all based on their ISCII encodings.
|
||||
Gurmukhi is a Unicode block containing characters for the Punjabi language, as it is written in India. In its original incarnation, the code points U+0A02..U+0A4C were a direct copy of the [URL /en/alphabets/gurmukhi/ Gurmukhi] characters A2-EC from the 1988 ISCII standard. The [BLOCK:devanagari], [BLOCK:bengali], [BLOCK:gujarati], [BLOCK:oriya], [BLOCK:tamil], [BLOCK:telugu], [BLOCK:kannada], and [BLOCK:malayalam] blocks were similarly all based on their ISCII encodings.
|
||||
|
||||
Gurmukhi is the most common script used for writing the Punjabi language in India. An abugida derived from the Laṇḍā script and ultimately descended from [BLOCK:brahmi Brahmi], Gurmukhi was standardised by the second Sikh guru, Guru Angad, in the 16th century. The whole of the Guru Granth Sahib's 1430 pages are written in this script. The name Gurmukhi is derived from the Old Punjabi term "gurumukhī", meaning "from the mouth of the Guru".
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1 +1,7 @@
|
||||
Hangul Syllables is a Unicode block containing precomposed Hangul syllable blocks for Modern Korean. The syllables can be directly mapped by algorithm to sequences of characters in the [BLOCK:hangul-jamo Hangul Jamo] Unicode block.
|
||||
Hangul Syllables is a Unicode block containing precomposed Hangul syllable blocks for Modern Korean. The syllables can be directly mapped by algorithm to sequences of characters in the [BLOCK:hangul-jamo Hangul Jamo] Unicode block.
|
||||
|
||||
Hangul is a phonemic script of the Korean language. A characteristic feature of Hangul is that the letters are combined into groups that correspond to the syllables. This type of writing was developed in the middle of the XV century and now it is the main one in South Korea and the only one in the DPRK.
|
||||
|
||||
[b]How was the Korean alphabet Hangul born?[/b] In the past, the Korean language used the Chinese writing system based on the [i]hanja[/i] which was very difficult to learn. Especially for the poorest people who did not have access to education. To solve this problem, King Sejong decided to introduce a new system of [b]phonetic writing[/b]. Hunminjeongeum (훈민정음) was the first book to promote the Hangul alphabet and its title means “the right sounds for the instruction of the people”.
|
||||
|
||||
Hangul consists of 19 consonants (14 single consonants and 5 double consonants) and 21 vowels (6 single vowels, 4 iotized vowels and 11 diphthongs) that are combined with each other. But unlike the Spanish alphabet, the Hangul symbols do not follow each other linearly to form a word. They are united in syllabic groups.
|
||||
|
||||
1
loc/en/blocks/hangul.axyml
Normal file
1
loc/en/blocks/hangul.axyml
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1 @@
|
||||
Hangul is a phonemic script of the Korean language. Hangul's main characteristic feature is that the letters are united into groups according to syllables. This type of writing was developed in the middle of the XV century. Nowadays it's the main script of South Korea and the only one used in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK).
|
||||
3
loc/en/blocks/hanifi-rohingya.axyml
Normal file
3
loc/en/blocks/hanifi-rohingya.axyml
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
|
||||
Hanifi is the alphabet for the language of the Rohingya people living in Myanmar and Bangladesh. The total number of native speakers is about 1 million people. The original script was developed in the 1980s by the language committee under the leadership of Nolan Mohammad Hanif. Before that, the Rohingya people used Arabic. Nowadays Hanifi is used both in digital and handwritten texts.
|
||||
|
||||
The Hanifi letters are similar to Arabic. The text goes from right to left. At the same time, the alphabet is characterized as constant-vocal. Independent vowels are marked by the letter "A". You can add another vowel icon, if necessary. European and Arabic punctuation marks are used. Harifi has its own glyphs for decimal digits.
|
||||
9
loc/en/blocks/hatran.axyml
Normal file
9
loc/en/blocks/hatran.axyml
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
|
||||
Hatran is a dialect of the [block:imperial-aramaic Aramaic language]. It was used from the 1st century BC till the 3rd century AD. Its inscriptions were discovered during the excavations of Hatra on the territory of today's Iraq — hence the name. It was also found in some other ancient cities of the Middle East.
|
||||
|
||||
The Hatran script contains 21 characters for consonants and five digits. It has neither vowels, nor punctuation marks. According to the Arabic tradition, the direction of writing goes from right to left.
|
||||
|
||||
Most of the Hatran inscriptions were found in Assur. They presented the deeds of gods and various names of the rulers in basic sentences. For example:
|
||||
|
||||
"Ashur is powerful" ܐܠܗܐ ܚܝܠܬܢܐ
|
||||
"Our lord has given (a son)" ܝܗܒ ܡܪܢ
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,6 +1,11 @@
|
||||
Hebrew is a Unicode block containing characters for writing the Hebrew, Yiddish, Ladino, and other Jewish diaspora languages.
|
||||
|
||||
Hebrew is a West Semitic language of the Afroasiatic language family. Historically, it is regarded as the language of the Hebrew Israelites and their ancestors, although the language was not referred to by the name Hebrew in the Tanakh. The earliest examples of written Paleo-Hebrew date from the 10th century BCE, in the form of primitive drawings, although "the question of the language used in this inscription remained unanswered, making it impossible to prove whether it was in fact Hebrew or another local language".
|
||||
Hebrew had ceased to be an everyday spoken language somewhere between 200 and 400 CE, declining since the aftermath of the Bar Kochba War. Aramaic and to a lesser extent Greek were already in use as international languages, especially among elites and immigrants. It survived into the medieval period as the language of Jewish liturgy, rabbinic literature, intra-Jewish commerce, and poetry. Then, in the 19th century, it was revived as a spoken and literary language, and, according to Ethnologue, is now the language of 9 million people worldwide, of whom 7 million are from Israel. The United States has the second largest Hebrew speaking population, with about 221,593 fluent speakers, mostly from Israel.
|
||||
Modern Hebrew is one of the two official languages of Israel (the other being Arabic), while pre-modern Hebrew is used for prayer or study in Jewish communities around the world today. Ancient Hebrew is also the liturgical tongue of the Samaritans, while modern Hebrew or Arabic is their vernacular. As a foreign language, it is studied mostly by Jews and students of Judaism and Israel, and by archaeologists and linguists specializing in the Middle East and its civilizations, as well as by theologians in Christian seminaries.
|
||||
The Torah (the first five books), and most of the rest of the Hebrew Bible, is written in Biblical Hebrew, with much of its present form specifically in the dialect that scholars believe flourished around the 6th century BCE, around the time of the Babylonian exile. For this reason, Hebrew has been referred to by Jews as Leshon HaKodesh (לשון הקדש), "The Holy Language", since ancient times.
|
||||
Hebrew is a West Semitic language of the Afroasiatic language family. Historically, it is regarded as the language of the Hebrew Israelites and their ancestors, although the language was not referred to by the name Hebrew in the Tanakh.
|
||||
|
||||
The earliest examples of written Paleo-Hebrew date from the 10th century BC, those were primitive drawings. Since the language used in that inscription remained unknown, it was impossible to prove whether it was in fact Hebrew or another local language.
|
||||
|
||||
Hebrew had ceased to be an everyday spoken language somewhere between 200 and 400 CE, declining since the Bar Kochba War. Aramaic and to a lesser extent Greek were already in use as international languages, especially among elites and immigrants. Thus, Hebrew survived into the medieval period as the language of Jewish liturgy, rabbinic literature, intra-Jewish commerce, and poetry. Then, in the 19th century, it was revived as a spoken and literary language. According to Ethnologue, nowadays it´s spoken by 9 million people worldwide, including 7 million who are from Israel. If you didn't know, The United States has the second largest Hebrew speaking population, with about 221,593 fluent speakers, mostly from Israel.
|
||||
|
||||
Modern Hebrew is one of the two official languages of Israel (the other is Arabic). As for pre-modern Hebrew, it is used for prayers or studies in Jewish communities all around the world today. Ancient Hebrew is also the liturgical language of the Samaritans, while modern Hebrew or Arabic are their vernacular. As a foreign language, it is studied mostly by Jews and students of Judaism and Israel, and by archaeologists and linguists specializing in the Middle East and its civilizations, as well as by theologians in Christian seminaries.
|
||||
|
||||
The Torah (the first five books), and most of the rest of the Hebrew Bible, are written in Biblical Hebrew. Much of its present form is written in the dialect that scholars believe flourished around the 6th century BC, around the time of the Babylonian exile. For this reason, Hebrew has been referred to by Jews as Leshon HaKodesh (לשון הקדש), "The Holy Language", since ancient times.
|
||||
@ -1,2 +1,4 @@
|
||||
Surrogates (high and [BLOCK:low-surrogates low]). The UCS includes 2,048 code points in the Basic Multilingual Plane (BMP) for surrogate code point pairs. Together these surrogates allow any code point in the sixteen other planes to be addressed by using two surrogate code points. This provides a simple built-in method for encoding the 20.1 bit UCS within a 16 bit encoding such as UTF-16. In this way UTF-16 can represent any character within the BMP with a single 16-bit byte. Characters outside the BMP are then encoded using two 16-bit bytes (4 octets total) using the surrogate pairs.
|
||||
Surrogates (high and [BLOCK:low-surrogates low]). The UCS includes 2,048 code points in the Basic Multilingual Plane (BMP) for surrogate code point pairs. Together these surrogates allow any code point in the sixteen other planes to be addressed by using two surrogate code points. This provides a simple built-in method for encoding the 20.1 bit UCS within a 16 bit encoding such as UTF-16. In this way UTF-16 can represent any character within the BMP with a single 16-bit byte.
|
||||
|
||||
Characters outside the BMP are then encoded using two 16-bit bytes (4 octets total) using the surrogate pairs.
|
||||
[BLOCK:private-use-area Private Use]. The consortium provides several private use blocks and planes that can be assigned characters within various communities, as well as operating system and font vendors.
|
||||
@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
|
||||
The UCS uses surrogates to address characters outside the initial Basic Multilingual Plane without resorting to more than 16 bit byte representations. By combining pairs of the 2,048 surrogate code points, the remaining characters in all the other planes can be addressed (1,024 × 1,024 = 1,048,576 code points in the other 16 planes). In this way, UCS has a built-in 16 bit encoding capability for UTF-16. These code points are divided into leading or "high surrogates" (D800–DBFF) and trailing or "low surrogates" (DC00–DFFF). In UTF-16, they must always appear in pairs, as a high surrogate followed by a low surrogate, thus using 32 bits to denote one code point.
|
||||
A surrogate pair denotes the code point
|
||||
10000[TAG:SUB]16[/SUB] + (H − D800[TAG:SUB]16[/SUB]) × 400[TAG:SUB]16[/SUB] + (L − DC00[TAG:SUB]16[/SUB])
|
||||
The UCS uses surrogates to address characters outside the initial Basic Multilingual Plane without resorting to more than 16 bit byte representations.
|
||||
|
||||
By combining pairs of the 2,048 surrogate code points, the remaining characters in all the other planes can be addressed (1,024 × 1,024 = 1,048,576 code points in the other 16 planes). In this way, UCS has a built-in 16 bit encoding capability for UTF-16. These code points are divided into leading or "high surrogates" (D800–DBFF) and trailing or "low surrogates" (DC00–DFFF). In UTF-16, they must always appear in pairs, as a high surrogate followed by a low surrogate, thus using 32 bits to denote one code point.
|
||||
|
||||
A surrogate pair denotes the code point 10000[TAG:SUB]16[/SUB] + (H − D800[TAG:SUB]16[/SUB]) × 400[TAG:SUB]16[/SUB] + (L − DC00[TAG:SUB]16[/SUB])
|
||||
where H and L are the numeric values of the high and [BLOCK:low-surrogates low surrogates] respectively.
|
||||
Since high surrogate values in the range DB80–DBFF always produce values in the Private Use planes, the high surrogate range can be further divided into (normal) high surrogates (D800–DB7F) and "high private use surrogates" (DB80–DBFF).
|
||||
|
||||
Isolated surrogate code points have no general interpretation; consequently, no character code charts or names lists are provided for this range. In the Python programming language, individual surrogate codes are used to embed undecodable bytes in Unicode strings.
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,2 +1,12 @@
|
||||
Ideographic Description Characters is a Unicode block containing graphic characters used for describing [BLOCK:cjk-unified-ideographs CJK ideographs]. They are not intended to provide a mechanism for the composition of complex characters, whether already encoded or not.
|
||||
The Chinese character description languages are several proposed languages to most accurately and completely describe Chinese (or CJKV) characters and information such as their list of components, list of strokes (basic and complex), their order, and the location of each of them on a background empty square. They are designed to overcome the inherent lack of information within a bitmap description. This enriched information can be used to identify variants of characters that are unified into one code point by Unicode and ISO/IEC 10646, as well as to provide an alternative form of encoding for rare characters that do not yet have a standardized encoding in Unicode or ISO/IEC 10646. Many aim to work for Kaishu style and Song style, as well as to provide the character's internal structure which can be used for easier look-up of a character by indexing the character's internal make-up and cross-referencing among similar characters.
|
||||
|
||||
Going back to the basics, [b]what is CJK?[/b] In the context of internationalisation, it is [b]a collective term for the Chinese, Japanese, and Korean languages, which include Chinese characters[/b]. Ok, this is now clear.
|
||||
|
||||
The Chinese character description languages are several proposed languages to most accurately and completely describe Chinese (or CJK) characters and information such as their
|
||||
|
||||
[*] list of components
|
||||
[*] list of strokes (basic and complex)
|
||||
[*] order
|
||||
[*] the location of each of them on a background empty square.
|
||||
|
||||
They are designed to overcome the inherent lack of information within a bitmap description. This enriched information can be used to identify variants of characters that are unified into one code point by Unicode and ISO/IEC 10646, as well as to provide an alternative form of encoding for rare characters that do not yet have a standardized encoding in Unicode or ISO/IEC 10646. Many aim to work for Kaishu style and Song style, as well as to provide the character's internal structure which can be used for easier look-up of a character by indexing the character's internal make-up and cross-referencing among similar characters.
|
||||
1
loc/en/blocks/ideographic-symbols-and-punctuation.axyml
Normal file
1
loc/en/blocks/ideographic-symbols-and-punctuation.axyml
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1 @@
|
||||
The block contains obsolete punctuation marks for ideographic and syllabic scripts. It offers some repetition signs (odoriji) for [BLOCK:tangut Tangut] and [BLOCK:nusha Nusha]. It also includes a text markup icon for ancient Chinese and tags which offer alternative readings of Vietnamese graphemes.
|
||||
@ -1,5 +1,7 @@
|
||||
The Ancient Aramaic alphabet is adapted from the [BLOCK:phoenician Phoenician alphabet] and became distinctive from it by the 8th century BCE. It was used to write the Aramaic language. The letters all represent consonants, some of which are matres lectionis, which also indicate long vowels.
|
||||
The Ancient Aramaic alphabet is adapted from the [BLOCK:phoenician Phoenician alphabet] and it became distinctive from it by the 8th century BC. It was used to write the Aramaic language. All the letters represent consonants, some of which are [i]matres lectionis[/i], which also indicate long vowels.
|
||||
|
||||
The Aramaic alphabet is historically significant, since virtually all modern Middle Eastern writing systems can be traced back to it, as well as numerous non-Chinese writing systems of Central and East Asia. This is primarily due to the widespread usage of the Aramaic language as both a lingua franca and the official language of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, and its successor, the Achaemenid Empire. Among the scripts in modern use, the [BLOCK:hebrew Hebrew alphabet] bears the closest relation to the Imperial Aramaic script of the 5th century BC, with an identical letter inventory and, for the most part, nearly identical letter shapes.
|
||||
The Aramaic alphabet is historically significant, since virtually [b]all modern Middle Eastern writing systems can be traced back to it[/b], as well as numerous non-Chinese writing systems of Central and East Asia. This happens because of the widespread usage of the Aramaic language as both a lingua franca and the official language of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, and its successor, the Achaemenid Empire. Among the scripts in modern use, the [BLOCK:hebrew Hebrew alphabet] bears the closest relation to the Imperial Aramaic script of the 5th century BC, with an identical letter inventory and, for the most part, nearly identical letter shapes.
|
||||
|
||||
Writing systems that indicate consonants but do not indicate most vowels (like the Aramaic one) or indicate them with added diacritical signs, have been called abjads by Peter T. Daniels to distinguish them from later alphabets, such as [BLOCK:greek-coptic Greek], that represent vowels more systematically. This is to avoid the notion that a writing system that represents sounds must be either a syllabary or an alphabet, which implies that a system like Aramaic must be either a syllabary (as argued by Gelb) or an incomplete or deficient alphabet (as most other writers have said); rather, it is a different type.
|
||||
In relation to this, Peter T. Daniels introduced a term called [b]abjad[/b]. What does it mean? Abjadas are [i]writing systems that indicate consonants but do not indicate most vowels (like Aramaic) or indicate them with added diacritical signs[/i]. Clearly we're having case of an abjad here.
|
||||
|
||||
The purpose of abjads is to distinguish them from later alphabets, such as [BLOCK:greek-coptic Greek], that represent vowels more systematically. A writing system that represents sounds must be either a syllabary or an alphabet, which implies that a system like Aramaic must be either a syllabary (as argued by Gelb) or an incomplete or deficient alphabet (as most other writers have said); however, it is a different type.
|
||||
1
loc/en/blocks/indian-numeric-character.axyml
Normal file
1
loc/en/blocks/indian-numeric-character.axyml
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1 @@
|
||||
Such fraction signs were applied in the north of India and in some southern writing systems — for example, in [BLOCK:kannada Kannada]. Apart from that, it was widely used in some particular regions of Pakistan and Nepal. Such fraction signs are still found in various written texts starting from the 16th century. Nowadays you may happen to meet them too. They perform as marks of price, weight, size and other characteristics.
|
||||
5
loc/en/blocks/indic-siyaq-numbers.axyml
Normal file
5
loc/en/blocks/indic-siyaq-numbers.axyml
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
|
||||
Siyaq is a decimal system for writing numbers. The name comes from the Arabic word "siyaq", which means "order". It is characterized by the shapes of the digits, which are stylized monograms of Arabic number names. Thus, it turns out that for the digits of each category (units, tens, hundreds, thousands, tens of thousands) there exits a new different font. A separate character for zero turns out to be unnecessary — it is already embedded in the corresponding digit. And only starting from hundreds of thousands, numbers are displayed using symbols of the lower categories in the higher ones.
|
||||
|
||||
This block presents the forms of Siyak numerals that were common on the territory of modern India. They were often applied in the Mughal Empire (not the Mongols) and disappeared only in the 20th century. Basically, they helped in accounting and calculations. This number system is known in South Asia as "raqm", which means "account" in Arabic.
|
||||
|
||||
Siyak has a writing manner similar to Arabic — from right to left.
|
||||
@ -1 +1,5 @@
|
||||
Inscriptional Pahlavi is the earliest attested form, and is evident in clay fragments that have been dated to the reign of Mithridates I (r. 171–38 BC). Other early evidence includes the Pahlavi inscriptions of Arsacid era coins and rock inscriptions of Sassanid kings and other notables such as Kartir. This script contains 19 characters which are not joined.
|
||||
Pahlavi is the official alphabet of the Late Assyrian and Ancient Persian chancelleries of the 6th – 4th centuries BC. Inscriptional Pahlavi is the earliest attested form, it's evident in clay fragments that are dated to the reign of Mithridates I (r. 171–38 BC). Other early evidence includes the Pahlavi inscriptions of Arsacid era coins, rock inscriptions of Sassanid kings, and other notables such as Kartir.
|
||||
|
||||
It was the foundation for most of the national Iranian and Turkic writing systems: Middle Persian, Uighur, Khorezm, Sogdian, Orkhon-Yenisei, etc. The Pahlavi font was used in the Middle Persian language, where translations from the ancient Iranian language "Avesta" (the Bible of the Zoroastrians) and commentaries to it "Zend" were written in the III-IX centuries. Therefore, the Pahlavi script was also called Phazend. The name "Pahlavi" comes from the eponym of Parthavia (Parthia), a country located southeast of the Caspian Sea.
|
||||
|
||||
This script contains 19 characters, such as letters and numbers.
|
||||
@ -1 +1,5 @@
|
||||
Inscriptional Parthian is a Unicode block containing characters of the official script of the Sassanid Empire.
|
||||
Parthian Inscriptional (also referred to as Arsacid Pahlavi and Pahlawānīg) is a Unicode block containing characters of the official script of the Sassanid Empire.
|
||||
|
||||
It is characterized as a consonant written-from-left-to-right alphabet of the semitic type. Its formation finished in the 3-2 century BC, the writing served for the Persian language up to the Arab invasion in Iran. Parthian became the basis for the [BLOCK:avestan Avestan] phonetic alphabet, which expressed various language concepts of the cult named [b]Zoroastrianism - an Iranian oldest religion about good and evil.[/b]
|
||||
|
||||
Arsacid Pahlavi is the official alphabet of the Late Assyrian and Ancient Persian chancelleries of the 6th – 4th centuries BC. It was the foundation for most of the national Iranian and Turkic writing systems: Middle Persian, Uighur, Khorezm, Sogdian, Orkhon-Yenisei, etc. The Pahlavi font was used in the Middle Persian language, where translations from the ancient Iranian language "Avesta" (the Bible of the Zoroastrians) and commentaries to it "Zend" were written in the III-IX centuries. Therefore, the Pahlavi script was also called Phazend. The name "Pahlavi" comes from the eponym of Parthavia (Parthia), a country located southeast of the Caspian Sea.
|
||||
@ -1,10 +1,17 @@
|
||||
IPA Extensions is a block (0250–02AF) of the Unicode standard that contains full size letters used in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). Both modern and historical characters are included, as well as former and proposed IPA signs and non-IPA phonetic letters. Additional characters employed for phonetics, like the palatalization sign, are encoded in the blocks Phonetic Extensions (1D00–1D7F) and Phonetic Extensions Supplement (1D80–1DBF). Diacritics are found in the Spacing Modifier Letters (02B0–02FF) and Combining Diacritical Marks (0300–036F) blocks.
|
||||
|
||||
IPA Extensions is a block (0250–02AF) of the Unicode standard that contains full size letters used in the [b]International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)[/b]. Both modern and historical characters are included, as well as former IPA signs and non-IPA phonetic letters. Additional characters employed for phonetics, like the palatalization sign, are encoded in the blocks Phonetic Extensions (1D00–1D7F) and Phonetic Extensions Supplement (1D80–1DBF). Diacritics are found in the Spacing Modifier Letters (02B0–02FF) and Combining Diacritical Marks (0300–036F) blocks.
|
||||
|
||||
With IPA's ability to use Unicode for the presentation of phonetic symbols, ASCII-based systems such as X-SAMPA or Kirshenbaum are being supplanted. Within the Unicode blocks there are also a few former IPA characters no longer in international use by linguists.
|
||||
|
||||
|
||||
The IPA Extensions block has been present in Unicode since version 1.0, and was unchanged through the unification with ISO 10646. The block was filled out with extensions for representing disordered speech in version 3.0, and Sinology phonetic symbols in version 4.0
|
||||
|
||||
The International Phonetic Alphabet (unofficially—though commonly—abbreviated IPA) is an alphabetic system of phonetic notation based primarily on the Latin alphabet. It was devised by the International Phonetic Association as a standardized representation of the sounds of oral language. The IPA is used by lexicographers, foreign language students and teachers, linguists, speech-language pathologists, singers, actors, constructed language creators, and translators.
|
||||
The IPA is designed to represent only those qualities of speech that are part of oral language: phones, phonemes, intonation, and the separation of words and syllables. To represent additional qualities of speech, such as tooth gnashing, lisping, and sounds made with a cleft palate, an extended set of symbols called the Extensions to the IPA may be used.
|
||||
IPA symbols are composed of one or more elements of two basic types, letters and diacritics. For example, the sound of the English letter t may be transcribed in IPA with a single letter, [t], or with a letter plus diacritics, [t̺ʰ], depending on how precise one wishes to be. Often, slashes are used to signal broad or phonemic transcription; thus, /t/ is less specific than, and could refer to, either [t̺ʰ] or [t], depending on the context and language.
|
||||
Occasionally letters or diacritics are added, removed, or modified by the International Phonetic Association. As of the most recent change in 2005, there are 107 letters, 52 diacritics, and four prosodic marks in the IPA. These are shown in the current IPA chart, posted below in this article and at the website of the IPA.
|
||||
The International Phonetic Alphabet (unofficially—though commonly—abbreviated IPA) is an alphabetic system of phonetic notation based primarily on the Latin alphabet. It was devised by the International Phonetic Association as a standardized representation of the sounds in oral language.
|
||||
|
||||
Who needs IPA? This is a relevant question! Actually, a lot of people. The IPA is used by lexicographers, foreign language students and teachers, linguists, speech-language pathologists, singers, actors, constructed language creators, and translators.
|
||||
|
||||
The IPA is designed to represent only those qualities of speech that are part of [b]oral language[/b]: phones, phonemes, intonation, and the separation of words and syllables. To represent additional qualities of speech, such as tooth gnashing, lisping, and sounds made with a cleft palate, an extended set of symbols called the Extensions to the IPA may be used.
|
||||
|
||||
IPA symbols consist of one or more elements of two basic types, [b]letters and diacritics[/b]. For example, the sound of the English letter 't' may be transcribed in IPA with a single letter, [t], or with a letter plus diacritics, [t̺ʰ], depending on how precise you want to describe its features in the context. Slashes are often used to signal broad or phonemic transcription; thus, /t/ is less specific and could refer to either [t̺ʰ] or [t], depending on the context and language.
|
||||
|
||||
Letters or diacritics might be added, removed, or modified by the International Phonetic Association. According to the recent change in 2005, there are 107 letters, 52 diacritics, and four prosodic marks in the IPA. These are shown in the current IPA chart, posted below in this article and at the website of the IPA.
|
||||
|
||||
Let's have some fun! You can take letters from this block and [URL /en/tools/flip/ flip your text] to entertain yourself and your friends.
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,2 +1,12 @@
|
||||
The Javanese script, natively known as Aksara Jawa and Hanacaraka, is an abugida developed by the Javanese people to write several languages spoken in Indonesia, primarily the Austronesian Javanese language, an early form of Javanese called Kawi, as well as the liturgical language Sanskrit. The script is a descendant of the [BLOCK:brahmi Brahmi script], and so has many similarities with the modern scripts of South and Southeast Asia. The Javanese script, along with the Balinese script, is considered the most elaborate and ornate among Brahmic scripts of Southeast Asia.
|
||||
The script was widely used by the court scribes of Java and the Lesser Sunda Islands. Numerous efforts to standardize the script were made in the late 19th to early 20th-century, with the invention of the script's first metal type and the development of concise orthographic guidelines. However, further development was halted abruptly during the Japanese occupation of Indonesia in which its use was prohibited, and the script's use has since declined. Today, everyday use of the Javanese script has been largely supplanted by the [BLOCK:basic-latin Latin alphabet].
|
||||
The Javanese script, natively known as Aksara Jawa and Hanacaraka, is an abugida developed by the Javanese people to write several languages spoken in Indonesia. It has 20 signs for consonants (which by default mean syllables ending with 'a'):
|
||||
|
||||
ha, na, ca, ra, ka
|
||||
da, ta, sa, wa, la
|
||||
pa, dha, ja, ya, nya
|
||||
ma, ga, ba, tha, nga
|
||||
|
||||
Primarily there was an early form of Javanese called Kawi, as well as the liturgical language Sanskrit. The script is a descendant of the [BLOCK:brahmi Brahmi script], that's why it has many similarities with the modern scripts of South and Southeast Asia.
|
||||
|
||||
The Javanese script, along with the Balinese script, is considered the most elaborate and ornate among Brahmic scripts of Southeast Asia. I mean look at these marvellous ornaments and decorations: [U:A9C1][U:A9C2] Wonderful!
|
||||
|
||||
[b]When was the Javanese alphabet popular?[/b] The script was widely used by the court scribes of Java and the Lesser Sunda Islands. Numerous efforts to standardize the script were made in the late 19th to early 20th-century, with the invention of the script's first metal type and the development of concise orthographic guidelines. However, [b]further development was halted abruptly during the Japanese occupation of Indonesia in which its use was prohibited[/b], and the script's use has since declined. Today, the Javanese script has been largely replaced by the [BLOCK:basic-latin Latin alphabet].
|
||||
11
loc/en/blocks/kana-extended-a.axyml
Normal file
11
loc/en/blocks/kana-extended-a.axyml
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
|
||||
The following section represents a set of obsolete Japanese characters and an unusual variant of writing called Hentaigana. These characters used to be the italics of the Manyogana script, which used Chinese characters.
|
||||
|
||||
Hentaigana character: [U:1B11D]
|
||||
|
||||
Parental hieroglyph: [U:65E0]
|
||||
|
||||
As a result, it led to the creation of the syllable alphabet which is known as [block:hiragana Hiragana].
|
||||
|
||||
After the Japanese script had undergone some reforms in 1900, Hentaigana practically called the quits. Nowadays it's applied for decorative purposes in order to make a text look more ancient and beautiful.
|
||||
|
||||
Historically speaking, the Hentaigana script contains around 800 symbols, the majority of which you can find in the block with [block:kana-supplement Kana supplements].
|
||||
@ -1 +1,5 @@
|
||||
Kana Supplement is a Unicode block containing archaic [BLOCK:hiragana Hiragana] and [BLOCK:katakana] and Hentaigana.
|
||||
Kana is a Japanese syllabic alphabet that exists in two graphic forms: [BLOCK:hiragana Hiragana] and [BLOCK:katakana].
|
||||
|
||||
The two types of Kana mentioned above differ in writing: Hiragana features round characters, like these ひらがな, whereas Katakana contains angular ones カタカナ. Only a few characters look alike (the most evident similarity is found among か and カ, り and リ, せ and セ), but there are hieroglyphs that almost totally coincide, such as へ and ヘ. If we do not take into account the extension of Katakana (for the Ainu language), then both alphabets are interchangeable, which means that any text written in Hiragana can be written in Katakana and vice versa.
|
||||
|
||||
Hiragana is used to write the following: the changeable parts of Japanese words (Okurigana), the words themselves, as well as, often, the explanatory reading of hieroglyphs (Furigana). Today Katakana is mainly used to write words borrowed from other European languages (the so-called lexical borrowings Gayraigo).
|
||||
|
||||
@ -1,3 +1,13 @@
|
||||
Kanbun is a Unicode block containing annotation characters used in Japanese copies of classical Chinese texts, to indicate reading order.
|
||||
|
||||
Kanbun or kambun (漢文, "Chinese writing") is a method of annotating Classical Chinese so that it can be read in Japanese that was used from the Heian period to the mid-20th century. Much Japanese literature was written in this style, and it was the general writing style for official and intellectual works throughout the period. As a result, Sino-Japanese vocabulary makes up a large portion of the lexicon of Japanese, and much classical Chinese literature is accessible to Japanese readers in some semblance of the original. The corresponding system in Korean is gugyeol.
|
||||
Kanbun or kambun (from Japanese 漢文, "Chinese writing") is a method of annotating Classical Chinese so that it can be read in Japanese that was used from the Heian period to the mid-20th century. Much Japanese literature was written in this style, and it was the general writing style for official and intellectual works throughout the period. As a result, Sino-Japanese vocabulary makes up a large portion of the lexicon of Japanese, and much classical Chinese literature is accessible to Japanese readers in some semblance of the original.
|
||||
|
||||
Let's dive into the specifics. Kanbun is one of the Japanese written languages, which was used in medieval Japan, as it was mentioned above. It was based on the classical literary [BLOCK:cjk-unified-ideographs Chinese language]. The hieroglyphical texts in Kanbun were filled with the special signs called [i]kaeriten[/i], which [b]indicated the change in the hieroglyph order according to the Japanese syntax.[/b] For example, in Chinese, as in Russian, the complement follows the predicate, and in Japanese the predicate comes at the end of the sentence. together with these hieroglyphs, signs indicating the change were put. Grammatical indicators (analogues of which were absent in Chinese) could be added using okurigana. For the needs of teaching, the pronunciation of hieroglyphs, especially those that were absent in Japanese writing such as kanji, was noted down (like in other registers of Japanese writing, furigana). However, furigana was not to be written for edcated learners.
|
||||
|
||||
[b]Kanbun was exclusively created for writing and it didn't have an oral form.[/b] If you needed to read texts in Kanbun out loud, you had to use Bungo.
|
||||
|
||||
This was how the Chinese texts were written down. Then the Japanese essays created in Japan followed the tradition. First it came to all governmental and scientific texts, second - poetry and some genres of fiction. The samples of Kambun created in Japan (excluding special badges) were noticeably different from the native [BLOCK:cjk-unified-ideographs Chinese] written language, and this fact wasn't really taken into consideration by the Japanese. Their texts were presented as "Japanese poetry in Chinese" ([BLOCK:kangxi-radicals Kansi]) and so on.
|
||||
|
||||
Kambun continued to exist for a thousand years, from the IX to the XIX century. It was abolished as an official writing language after the Meiji Revolution. Nowadays, Kambun education is preserved in secondary school, but no new texts are created.
|
||||
|
||||
A similar written language in Korea is Hanmun.
|
||||
@ -1 +1,5 @@
|
||||
The Kharoṣṭhī script is an ancient script used by the ancient Gandhara culture of South Asia primarily in modern-day Afghanistan and Pakistan to write the Gāndhārī language (a prakrit) and the Sanskrit language. An alphasyllabary, it was in use from the middle of the 3rd century BCE until it died out in its homeland around the 3rd century CE. It was also in use in Bactria, Gandhara (particularly in the period of the Kushan Empire), Sogdiana and along the Silk Road, where there is some evidence it may have survived until the 7th century in the remote way stations of Khotan and Niya. Kharoṣṭhī is encoded in the Unicode range U+10A00–U+10A5F, from version 4.1.0.
|
||||
The Kharoṣṭhī script is an ancient script used by the ancient Gandhara culture of South Asia primarily in modern-day Afghanistan and Pakistan to write the Gāndhārī language (a prakrit) and the Sanskrit language. It developed from the [BLOCK:imperial-aramaic Aramaic alphabet]. It was spread in Northern India and the south of Middle Asia (Bactria, Sogdiana) in the III century BC — IV AC. Besides that, it was found along the Silk Road, where there is some evidence it may have survived until the 7th century in the remote way stations of Khotan and Niya.
|
||||
|
||||
Kharoṣṭhī may be characterized as a half-alphabetical, half-syllabic script, or [b]alphasyllabary[/b]. Each character stood for a vowel or a combination like consonant + vowel. Syllabic vowels were marked by additional features or modifications of signs. The alphabet also had ligatures.
|
||||
|
||||
Unlike the [BLOCK:brahmi Brahmi script], which existed in that era and was the ancestor of almost all modern alphabets of India and south-east Asia, the Kharoṣṭhī alphabet was long forgotten. It was decoded again only in the XIX century by [i]James Prinsep[/i].
|
||||
5
loc/en/blocks/khitan-small-script.axyml
Normal file
5
loc/en/blocks/khitan-small-script.axyml
Normal file
@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
|
||||
The Khitan small script was used in the northeast of China in the Liao Empire, which existed from 907 to 1125. Yelü Diela developed it in 925 under the influence of Uyghur, so the latter is considered like 'the father' of Khitan. It received the name 'small' for a smaller number of characters compared to the Khitan large script, which was used at the same time and for the same purposes. That's why both scripts were quite easy to learn.
|
||||
|
||||
The samples have survived till our times, and you can find the Khitan script on various stone epitaphs in rich cemeteries. The majority of the characters haven't been deciphered yet, so their meaning is unclear.
|
||||
|
||||
The Khitan small script includes both phonograms (letters, syllables) and logograms (hieroglyphs). To make a word, you needed to compound from 2 to 8 phonograms. The logogram is sometimes accompanied by a dot that denotes the masculine gender. The writing direction is vertical, its columns go from right to left.
|
||||
@ -1,7 +1,13 @@
|
||||
Khmer is a Unicode block containing characters for writing the Khmer, or Cambodian, language.
|
||||
|
||||
The Khmer alphabet or Khmer script (IPA: [ʔaʔsɑː kʰmaːe]) is an abugida (alphasyllabary) script used to write the Khmer language (the official language of Cambodia). It is also used to write Pali in the Buddhist liturgy of Cambodia and Thailand.
|
||||
It was adapted from the Pallava script, a variant of the Grantha alphabet descended from the [BLOCK:brahmi Brahmi script], which was used in southern India and South East Asia during the 5th and 6th centuries AD. The oldest dated inscription in Khmer was found at Angkor Borei District in Takéo Province south of Phnom Penh and dates from 611. The modern Khmer script differs somewhat from precedent forms seen on the inscriptions of the ruins of Angkor. The [BLOCK:thai] and [BLOCK:lao] scripts are descended from an older form of the Khmer script.
|
||||
Ancient Khmer script engraved on stone.
|
||||
Khmer is written from left to right. Words within the same sentence or phrase are generally run together with no spaces between them. Consonant clusters within a word are "stacked", with the second (and occasionally third) consonant being written in reduced form under the main consonant. Originally there were 35 consonant characters, but modern Khmer uses only 33. Each such character in fact represents a consonant sound together with an inherent vowel – either â or ô.
|
||||
There are some independent vowel characters, but vowel sounds are more commonly represented as dependent vowels – additional marks accompanying a consonant character, and indicating what vowel sound is to be pronounced after that consonant (or consonant cluster). Most dependent vowels have two different pronunciations, depending in most cases on the inherent vowel of the consonant to which they are added. In some positions, a consonant written with no dependent vowel is taken to be followed by the sound of its inherent vowel. There are also a number of diacritics used to indicate further modifications in pronunciation. The script also includes its own numerals and punctuation marks.
|
||||
The Khmer alphabet or Khmer script (IPA: [ʔaʔsɑː kʰmaːe]) is an abugida, which means that it's a consonant-driven script. It's used to write the Khmer language (the official language of Cambodia). Apart from that, the script is applied for Pali in the Buddhist liturgy of Cambodia and Thailand.
|
||||
|
||||
The origins of Khmer go back to the Pallava script, which it was adopted from. Pallava is a variant of the Grantha alphabet descended from the [BLOCK:brahmi Brahmi script], which was used in southern India and South East Asia during the 5th and 6th centuries AD. I know, this chain seems complicated, but doesn't all linguistics? Anyway, the oldest Khmer inscription was found at Angkor Borei District in Takéo Province south of Phnom Penh and it dates back to 611.
|
||||
|
||||
As for the modern Khmer script, it differs a lot from its precedent forms on the inscriptions of the Angkor ruins. The [BLOCK:thai] and [BLOCK:lao] scripts have descended from an older form of the Khmer script.
|
||||
|
||||
Khmer is written from left to right. Words within one sentence or phrase usually come together with no spaces between them. Consonant clusters within a word are "stacked", with the second (and occasionally third) consonant being written in reduced form under the main consonant. Originally there were 35 consonant characters, but modern Khmer uses only 33. Each character in fact represents a consonant sound together with an inherent vowel – either â or ô.
|
||||
|
||||
You might remember that Khmer is an [b]abugida[/b]. That's why vowel sounds are more commonly represented as dependent vowels – additional marks accompanying a consonant character, and indicating what vowel sound is to be pronounced after that consonant (or consonant cluster). Most dependent vowels have two different pronunciations, depending in most cases on the inherent vowel of the consonant to which they are added. In some positions, a consonant written with no dependent vowel is taken to be followed by the sound of its inherent vowel.
|
||||
|
||||
Needless to say, there are also a number of diacritics used to indicate further modifications in pronunciation. The script also includes its own numerals and punctuation marks.
|
||||
@ -1,6 +1,13 @@
|
||||
Khudabadi (also known as Vaniki, Hatvaniki or Hatkai) (Sindhi: خدا آبادي، واڻڪي، هٽ واڻڪي، واڻڪي) script is a script used for writing the Sindhi language.
|
||||
Khudabadi (also known as Vaniki, Hatvaniki or Hatkai) is a script used for writing the Sindhi language. The script is based on [BLOCK:devanagari Devanagari] in India and [BLOCK:old-arabic Arabic] and Persian script (in Pakistan).
|
||||
|
||||
Sindhi /ˈsɪndi/ (سنڌي) is an Indo-Aryan language of the historical Sindh region, spoken by the Sindhi people. It is the official language of the Pakistani province of Sindh. In India, Sindhi is one of the scheduled languages officially recognized by the federal government. It has influences from Balochi spoken in the adjacent province of Balochistan.
|
||||
Most Sindhi speakers are concentrated in Pakistan in the Sindh province, and in India in the Kutch region of the state of Gujarat and in Ulhasnagar region of the state of Maharashtra. The remaining speakers in India are composed of the Hindu Sindhis who migrated from Sindh, which became a part of Pakistan and settled in India after the independence of Pakistan in 1947 and the Sindhi diaspora worldwide.
|
||||
There are 40 million Sindhis living in Pakistan, with 39.5 million in Sindh, and over 500,000 living in other provinces. About 16% of the population of Sindhis in Pakistan are Hindus. Most of them live in urban areas like Karachi, Hyderabad, Sukkur, Mirpur Khas, Dadu, Larkana and Jacobabad. Hyderabad is the largest centre of Sindhi Hindus in Pakistan with 100,000-150,000 people.
|
||||
Sindhi is also spoken in India, especially in the states of Rajasthan, Gujarat and Maharashtra. It is also spoken in Ulhasnagar near Mumbai which is the largest Sindhi enclave in India, Sindhi is also spoken as a minority language in several other countries where Sindhi People have emigrated in large numbers, such as the United States, Australia, the United Kingdom, where it is the fourth-most-commonly used language, and Canada, where it is the fourth-most-spoken language. Total Sindhi population is over 42 million. There are 35 million Sindhi speakers in Pakistan, 5 million in India, 150,000 in the U.A.E, 100,000 in the UK ,50,000 in KSA, 50,000 in USA, 35,000 in Canada in 2006, and smaller numbers in other countries.
|
||||
Sindhi /ˈsɪndi/ (سنڌي) is an Indo-Aryan language of the historical Sindh region. It is the official language of the Pakistani province of Sindh. In India, Sindhi is one of the scheduled languages officially recognized by the federal government. It has influences from Balochi spoken in the adjacent province of Balochistan.
|
||||
|
||||
##How many native speakers does Sindhi have?
|
||||
|
||||
There are 40 million Sindhis living in Pakistan, with 39.5 million in Sindh, and over 500,000 living in other provinces. About 16% of the population of Sindhis in Pakistan are Hindus. Most of them live in urban areas like Karachi, Hyderabad, Sukkur etc. Hyderabad is the largest centre of Sindhi Hindus in Pakistan with 100,000-150,000 people.
|
||||
|
||||
Sindhi is also spoken in India, especially in the states of Rajasthan, Gujarat and Maharashtra. It is also spoken in Ulhasnagar near Mumbai which is the largest Sindhi enclave in India.
|
||||
|
||||
##Is Sindhi a minor language for any people?
|
||||
|
||||
Actually, yes. Sindhi is also spoken as a minority language in several other countries where Sindhi People have emigrated in large numbers, such as the United States, Australia, the United Kingdom, where it is the fourth-most-commonly used language, and Canada, where it is the fourth-most-spoken language.
|
||||
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Reference in New Issue
Block a user